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Geography GCSE 11s1 > UK Human > Flashcards

UK Human Flashcards

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1
Q 
(London)CBD:
Function
Building age variation
Building density
Land use
Environmental quality
A
  • Offices and businesses
  • Often the oldest part of the city, however Canary Wharf is very modern
  • Most densely built part of the city
  • Land use and value are high
  • A number of Royal Parks, but the air quality is poor
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2
Q 
(London)Inner city:
Function
Building age variation 
Building density
Land use
Environmental quality
A
  • Used to be factories, however is now mainly housing
  • The houses date back to the age of the factories
  • Houses are small and laid out in a grid pattern
  • Mostly used for houses with very little green space
  • Some areas are vey run down with poor environmental quality, whereas some have better environmental quality than others
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3
Q 
(London)Suburbs:
Function
Building age variation 
Building density
Land use
Environmental quality
A
  • Most expensive places to live, popular with families
  • Most houses date back to the early 20th century
  • The further out you go, the less dense it is
  • Mostly used for houses with some green spaces
  • Good air quality due to open spaces
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4
Q 
(London)URF:
Function
Building age variation 
Building density
Land use
Environmental quality
A
  • Mainly residential with some industry
  • Most houses built in the late 20th century
  • Low building density
  • Mostly residential with some industry
  • Good air quality due to lot of open space
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5
Q

London:

  • Site
  • Situation
  • Connectivity
A
  • On the River Thames, ideal for a port
  • Very close to the rest of Europe, able to trade with many different time zones in the same day
  • Regional:
    • Most motorways and A-roads lead to London
    • M25 ring road around London
  • National:
    • The U.K’s fastest rail networks all link London to other U.K cities
    • Domestic flights to and from London
  • International:
    • Has 6 international airports including Heathrow, the second busiest in the world
    • Has the Eurostar connecting London to Paris and Brussels
    • Received 31.5m tourists in 2015 and 3.3m business visitors in 2014
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6
Q

What is inequality?

A

The differences in access to services and income as well as major all round differences between two areas

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7
Q

What is deprivation?

A

A lack of wealth and services. Usually means low standards of living caused by low income, poor health and lack of education and qualifications

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8
Q

Newham vs Richmond:
Income and employment
Education
Health

A

Newham:
26% of adults educated to degree level
62% of students DO NOT get 5 A* to Cs at GCSE
210 premature (before 65) deaths per 100k. 12.3% of people living with a long term illness

Richmond:
64% of adults educated to degree level
63% of students DO NOT get 5 A* to Cs at GCSE
121 premature deaths per 100k. 7.6% living with long term illnesses

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9
Q

What is deindustrialisation?

A

Due to containerisation, the number of industry jobs have reduced since they have moved away from the CBD

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10
Q

What is depopulation?

A

Since jobs have moved away from the CBD, people and their families have moved away in search of jobs

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11
Q

What is suburbanisation?

A

People decided to move away from the crowded city for more spacious areas in the outer city

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12
Q

What is decentralisation?

A

Shopping centres moved away from the center of London to attract shoppers, which means that shopping activity also moves away

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13
Q

What is E-commerce?

A

Shoppers shop more and more online, which negatively impacts local businesses

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14
Q

What is transport?

A

Transport allows people to quickly and cheaply move from the inner-city to out of town areas which increases suburbanisation and decentralisation

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15
Q

What is regeneration?

A

The rebuilding of old areas by updating the transport and commerce and by adding new jobs, services and housing

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16
Q

What is rebranding?

A

Changing the theme of an area through marketing it and renaming it. This is hoped to improve the image of the area to encourage people to go there

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17
Q

What are the benefits of regeneration and rebranding in E.London?

A
  • 9,000 new homes will be built, providing more affordable housing in the area, benefiting first time buyers
  • 12,000 permanent jobs will be created
  • Stratford will become a very connected station
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18
Q

What are the problems of regeneration and rebranding in E.London?

A
  • Newham has the largest property price rises
  • Traditional businesses have closed
  • Old communities were broken up
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19
Q

What transport schemes have been put into place to try and improve sustainability in London?

A
  • The congestion charge makes it more expensive for people to drive into the city which encourages more people to use public transport, reducing congestion and emissions
  • Electric car charging points and low emission zones encourages more people to buy and use electric cars, reducing emissions
  • Public transport is cheaper and more convenient than driving which encourages more people to use it, reducing congestion
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20
Q

How does the Bed Zed scheme try and improve sustainability in London?

A

The houses are very energy efficient and are self-sustaining which all contribute to the very low emissions they have which help massively to combat sustainability

21
Q

What is gentrification?

A

When wealthy people move into a run down area and start to re generate and improve the area

22
Q

What is studentification?

A

Areas around universities have lots of students and these students and they invest in the local economy and improve it

23
Q

Why are people moving to East Devon?

A
  • Land costs are cheaper
  • Office space is 10x cheaper than in London
  • London is very accesible with 42 trains per hour as well as regional flights and the M5 motorway connecting the two
24
Q

What is population change like in East Devon?

A
  • Devon gained 5000 migrants from the U.K in 2014 alone
  • 40% of new arrivals in Devon go to East Devon
  • It is mainly retired people moving to Devon, however there are a lot of families as well
25
Q

How has a growing population in East Devon put pressure on housing?

A
  • The growing population means that more housing is needed
  • It is hard to get planning permission to build in Devon as 2/3 of it is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)
  • The average income in Devon is 10% lower than the average UK income, however house prices are only 3% lower
26
Q

How has a growing population in East Devon increased leisure and recreation activities?

A
  • There are lots of tourist spots in Devon from the coastlines to Dartmoor national park
  • There are roughly 25 million day trips to these places annually
  • The high number of day trips puts pressure on roads and increases pollution
27
Q

What are the housing challenges that rural areas around London face?

A
  • Affordability: house prices in Sevenoaks are much higher than the U.K average
  • Demand: High house prices create a high demand for affordable homes
  • Young people: Young people find it hard to find homes as their incomes are often very low
28
Q

What are the employment challenges that rural areas around London face?

A

-A decline in primary and secondary sector jobs e.g. farming and fishing means that some areas do not have a full time workforce. E.g. in Kent, manufacturing jobs have declined by 30% since 1998

29
Q

What healthcare challenges do rural areas around London face?

A
  • Ageing populations require more healthcare and specialised facilities e.g. nursing homes
  • G.P surgeries in rural areas are threatened by closure e.g. West Kingsdown surgery
30
Q

What education and transport challenges do rural areas around London face?

A
  • There is a declining number of pupils in rural areas which results in the closure of schools. E.g. Edenbridge has no secondary school
  • Public transport gets worse in rural areas as fewer people are using it
31
Q

Why have supermarkets been bad for farmers?

A

-Supermarkets force farmers to sell their goods very cheaply as they can buy foreign goods for a lot less, resulting in many farmers just getting by

32
Q

What is diversification?

A

When farmers find alternative ways to make money through farm based activities or by setting up businesses e.g. farm shops

33
Q

Farm shops diversification

A
  • Stanhill farm in Wilmington Kent, sells produce from the farm and local area
  • The land continues to be farmed and more varieties of crops are grown which is more environmentally friendly than monoculture
34
Q

Accommodation diversification

A
  • Tanner Farm Park in Kent has turned some of its land into a caravan and camping park
  • These put more pressure on the natural environment and are often unsightly
35
Q

Leisure activities diversification

A
  • The Hop Farm in Kent has an animal petting area, children’s rides and places to eat
  • Farm Land is built on to create these areas, and traffic and pollution increase due to the increase in visitors
36
Q

Why do Urban Cores have a younger population?

A
  • People live in urban areas to be close to their jobs, and the work force is younger
  • Older people move out if cities to retire
37
Q

Why do some rural areas have high levels of poverty?

A
  • Some rural areas struggle to grow economically
  • Periphery areas of the UK provide no employment opportunities so people leave causing de-population
  • De-population leads to a lack of services
  • Areas that used to have industry now have high levels of unemployment
38
Q

Urban economic activities:

A
  • 60% of a cities hobs are found in the urban core and the urban core has a higher concentration of economic activity
  • The main employment opportunities are in the tertiary sector and manufacturing
  • There are more jobs in the city and the jobs are higher paid
39
Q

Rural economic activities:

A
  • Rural areas have fewer job opportunities and they are mainly in the primary sector
  • Some areas have a second tourist industry
  • Some rural areas may have become commuter settlements
40
Q

How does creating enterprise zones reduce differences in wealth?

A
  • The government makes these zones more attractive, e.g. lower taxes and improved infrastructure
    • These encourage companies to relocate to these areas that often have high levels of un-employment
    • E.g. Dorset Green enterprise zone has two high tech companies and hopes to attract 55 businesses and 2K jobs
41
Q

How does transport reduce differences in wealth?

A

Better transport links and easier travel attracts businesses and people rural and under developed areas

42
Q

How do regional development zones reduce differences in wealth?

A
  • Funding to promote growth and development in rural areas attracts businesses and employees creating jobs for the local area
  • The common agricultural policy ensures that farmers can make a living off of farming by providing assistance, training and subsidies for farmers
43
Q

What is the distribution of people like in the UK?

A
  • Older people move to costal and rural areas when they retire
  • Most international and young regional migrants move to major cities
44
Q

What is the age structure like in the U.K?

A
  • Large numbers of migrants increase the population in that age range (20-29)
  • Migration increases the birth rate
45
Q

What is diversity like in the U.K?

A
  • Due ro large amounts of migration, the U.K has large amounts of Black, Asian and E.European influences
  • After WW2, the government encouraged commonwealth migrants to fill job shortages
46
Q

Why have primary sector jobs declined?

A
  • Farming has become more mechanised, so fewer people are needed
  • Mining has declined due to cheap imports and alternative fuels
  • Many major factories have closed in the 1990’s and 2000’s
47
Q

Why have secondary sector jobs declined?

A
  • Mainly due to cheaper imports of manufactured goods

- Many major factories closed in the 1990’s and 2000’s

48
Q

Why have tertiary and quaternary sector jobs increased?

A
  • Th sectors take advantage of the UK’s large amount of skilled University graduates
  • Cheaper areas of the U.K, e.g. South Wales attract private investors and many and many new companies choose ti set up in those areas
49
Q

Why is FDI in the U.K growing because of:

  • Globalisation
  • Free trade
  • Privatisation
  • TNCs
A
  • Transport and communication links have improved, meaning it is easier to operate in the U.K
  • London has developed a global financial sector
  • Free trade attracts investors
  • Services run by the U.K government have been bought by foreign firms, e.g. Scottish power is owned by a Spanish Energy company
  • TNCs provide lots of jobs to people in the U.K and large scale projects are invested in by TNCs

Geography GCSE 11s1 (18 decks)

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