UCSP|LESSON 1-3 Flashcards
the discipline under which identity, culture, society, and politics are studied.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
comprised of disciplines that study the overall function of a society, as well as the interactions among
individual members of an
institution.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Anthropology, Sociology, and
Political Science are among the
disciplines under__________
SOCIAL SCIENCE
more on interactions, behaviors, intrapersonal relations with other
people
SOCIAL SCIENCE
a complex whole which
encompasses the beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and
shares as a member of society
(Edward B. Taylor).
CULTURE
consists of beliefs, behavior,
objects, and other characteristics
common to the member of a
particular group or society.
CULTURE
- all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation.
CULTURE
only humans have ________ (they are superior among all of the species).
- the only way to change _____ is through adaptation and the only way culture can be adapted is through socializing.
CULTURE
— adaptation through
observations
Indirect Culture
— adaptation through
interaction with other people
Direct Culture
an organized group/s of
independent people who share a common territory, language, and culture, who act together for collective survival and well-being.
SOCIETY
- Comes from the Greek words
Anthropos (man/human beings) and Logos (Study) - according to 18th century
anthropologist Edward Tylor
ANTHROPOLOGY
18th century anthropologist
Edward Tylor
is a behavioral science that deals with the study of culture - its components, characteristics, functions, modes of adaptation,
cultural values, and practices.
ANTHROPOLOGY
- is the scientific study of man, his works, his body and his behavior and values over time; study of culture.
- is the study of human beings and their ancestors.
ANTHROPOLOGY
GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
1) describe and analyze the biological evolution of mankind.
2) describe and assess the cultural development of our species.
3) describe, explain and analyze the present day human cultural similarities and differences.
4) describe and explain human
biological diversity day.
BRANCHES/DISCIPLINE OF
ANTHROPOLOGY(4)(PCAL)
- Physical Anthropology
- Cultural Anthropologist
- Archeologists
- Linguistics
branch of anthropology concerned with the origin, evolution, and diversity of people. (ex. Charles
Darwin Theory of Evolution)
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
- Investigate contrasting ways of human (and groups of people) on
how they think, feel, etc.
➔ we have multiple personality
because of the difference in
environment.
➔ how people who share a
common cultural system
organize and shape the
physical and social world
around them, and are in turn
shaped by those ideas,
behaviors, and physical
environments.
➔ hallmarked by the concept
of culture itself
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGIST
- they cover information about
human cultures
➔ study about artifacts of
humans.
➔ a person who studies
human history and
prehistory through the
excavation of sites and the
analysis of artifacts and
other physical remains.
ARCHEOLOGISTS
- study of human sense of language and communication system; study of the relationship between
language and culture.
LINGUISTICS
Comes from the Greek words
Socius (companion/group/society)
and Logos (Study)
SOCIOLOGY
- a behavioral science that deals with the study of society its origin, evolution, characteristics, dimensions, and basic social
functions
SOCIOLOGY
- is a repetitive behavior
- science of society . the interactions taking place, and social behaviors which is viewed as an aggregate of
individuals (Robertson, 2009).
SOCIOLOGY
- focuses attention in all kinds of social acts, relationships,
organizations, structures, and
processes. - seeks to discover the general
principles underlying all social
phenomena and social relationship and re-establish laws of change and growth in social changes (Jayapalan).
SOCIOLOGY
— is a group of people living
together in a definite territory, having a sense of belongingness, mutually
interdependent of each other, and follows a certain way of life.
SOCIETY
GOALS OF SOCIOLOGY
1) Understand ourselves better and mankind.
2) Help with decision making, both own and that of larger
organizations.
3) Gather systematic information from which to make a decision, provide
insights into what is going on in a situation and present alternatives.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY?
- culture represents the beliefs and practices of a group, while society represents the people who share those beliefs and practice.
- they cannot exist without each other.
- Comes from the Greek words Polis (city; sovereign state) and Scire (To know/study)
POLITICAL SCIENCE
- a systematic study of politics and government
- also dwells on the study of the foundations of the state and the principles of government.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
- examines the way people govern themselves, the various forms of government, their structures, and their relationships to other
institutions.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
According to Northwest University, ________ is the study of politics and power from domestic, international, and cooperative perspective
POLITICAL SCIENCE
- involves a set of activities that
are associated with making decisions in groups or other forms of power relations
between individuals, such as the distribution of resources or statuses
POLITICS
GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
- be immersed in current affairs and build an understanding on the local,
national and international politics. - learn how political activities are organized in and out of our country.
- provide substantially critical and scientific contribution to
government and society.
- Theory of Evolution
Charles Darwin
- Progression of Civilization
Edward Burnett Tylor
- Father of Modern
Anthropology
Franz Boas
- Father of Philippine
Anthropology
Henry Otley Beyer
- It is a group of people sharing a common culture.
- The focal point of society is man’s social behavior since his behavior is greatly shaped by the society and culture where he belongs.
SOCIETY
- Whereas, culture is a dynamic
medium through which societies create a collective way of life reflected in beliefs, values, music, literature, art, dance, science, religion, ritual technology, among others. - Culture and society can be defined using anthropological and sociological perspectives.
SOCIETY
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE(9)
A. Culture is Everything
B. Culture is Learned
C. Ethnocentrism
D. Cultural Relativism
E. Culture is Shared
F. Culture Affects Biology
G. Culture is Adaptive
H. Culture is Maladaptive
I. Culture Changes
- It is what a person has, does and thinks as part of society.
- This implies all of person’s belief system, set of behaviors and material possessions.
CULTURE IS EVERYTHING
2 types of Culture is Everything
- Material culture
- Nonmaterial Culture
- includes all tangible and visible parts of culture, which includes clothes, foods and even buildings
MATERIAL CULTURE
- includes all intangible parts of culture, which consist of values, ideas and knowledge
NONMATERIAL CULTURE
- culture is a set of beliefs, attitudes and practices that an individual learns through his or her family, school, church and other social institutions.
- What we have learned
Example: Loyalty Song
CULTURE IS LEARNED
3 types f culture is learned
- Enculturation
- Acculturation
- Deculturation
- is a process of learning your own culture.
- Practicing own culture
- is the process by which people learn the dynamics of their surrounding culture and acquire values and norms appropriate or necessary in that culture and worldviews. As part of this process, the influences that limit, direct, or
shape the individual include
parents, other adults, and peers.
Example: Saying po and opo, “mano”, being hospitable
ENCULTURATION
4 TYPES OF ENCULTURATION
FORMAL
ENCULTURATION
INFORMAL
ENCULTURATION
CONSCIOUS
ENCULTURATION
UNCONSCIOUS
ENCULTURATION
Thru explicit instruction
FORMAL
ENCULTURATION
Indirectly, mostly
through observations
(reading, watching)
INFORMAL
ENCULTURATION
Deliberately enculturating
yourself
CONSCIOUS
ENCULTURATION
Thru immersion (Like in school)
UNCONSCIOUS
ENCULTURATION
- is a process of accommodating
desirable traits from other culture. - Adapting or sometimes
colonization, thru survival - is a process of social,
psychological, and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society. - _______is a process in which
an individual adopts, acquires and adjusts to a new cultural
environment.
Example: kpop fashion, IP like the “ita” no longer uses “bahag”
ACCULTURATION
- culture has been lost and even cultural trait itself is in the process of being forgotten.
- The process of divesting a tribe or people of their indigenous traits for many native peoples brought
involuntarily and reluctantly into contact with western civilization, acculturation is all too often deculturation - David Bidney
DECULTURATION
- refers to the tendency of each society to place its own culture at the center of things. It is the practice of comparing other cultural practices with those of one’s own and automatically finding those practices to be inferior.
Judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture.
ETHNOCENTRISM
- refers to the preference of the foreign. It is characterized by a strong belief that one’s own products, styles or ideas is inferior to those which originated elsewhere.
Example: When one thinks the imported products are far more effective than the
Philippine made products.
XENOCENTRISM
- is the idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.
- The objective analysis of other cultures - understanding a culture’s beliefs and practices from that culture’s point of view
- Is not about imposing judgement or assessing the with of other cultures
Example:
1) Can we judge the wearing of the burqa in Islamic communities simply because it differs from Western ideas about femininity?
2) Here in the Philippines, we do not cease to debate on the moral acceptability of contraceptives,. In another country, abortion is perfectly normal, more so the use
of artificial contraceptives
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
- (often reformulated as relativist ethics or relativist morality)
- is a term used to describe several philosophical positions concerned with the differences in moral judgments across different peoples and their own particular cultures.
- In detail, descriptive moral
relativism holds only that people do, in fact, disagree fundamentally about what is moral, with no judgment being expressed on the desirability of this.
MORAL RELATIVISM OR ETHICAL RELATIVISM
- This implies that a particular
behavior cannot be considered as a culture if there is only one person practicing it. - Culture is shared intergenerational
CULTURE IS SHARED
- Humans are born into cultures that have values on beauty and body.
- As such, they alter their bodies to fit physiological norms that are dictated by their culture.
CULTURE AFFECTS BIOLOGY
- Culture is a tool for survival that humans use in response to the pressures of their environment.
CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE
- Not Flexible
- Culture can also cause problems for the people who subscribe to it.
- These problems arise when the environment is changed and culture has remained the same.
CULTURE IS MALADPATIVE
- The final characteristic of culture is never static.
- This dynamism of culture is due to changing needs of humans as they interpret and survive in their environment.
CULTURE CHANGES
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
A. Evolutionist-Intellectual
Perspective
B. French Sociology School
Perspective
C. British Functionalist School
Perspective
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
A. Symbolic Interactionism
Perspective
B. Functionalist Perspective
C. Conflict Perspective
- explains that death and belief in soul and the spirits(embodied
spirit) play important roles
EVOLUTIONIST-INTELLECTUAL
PERSPECTIVE
- led by Emile Durkheim
- suggests that society can sustain and reproduce by themselves.
FRENCH SOCIOLOGY SCHOOL
PERSPECTIVE
- Explains anxiety caused by the rationally uncontrollable
happenings as the basic motivation for the emergence of religious faith.
BRITISH FUNCTIONALIST SCHOOL PERSPECTIVE
- explains that people attach
meanings to symbols and they act according to their subjective interpretation of the symbols.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
PERSPECTIVE
- Also called Functionalism
- believes that each aspect of
society is interdependent and
contributes to society’s functioning as a whole.
FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE
- Karl Max’s writing on struggles shows competition for scarce resources and how the elite control the poor and the weak.
- Society how we were monopolized
CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
- biological inheritance
NATURE
- cultural inheritance
NURTURE
- refers to the process by which an individual is oriented and taught by his or her society’s norms.
SOCIALIZATION
- the compilation of the values,
attitudes, and beliefs that
individuals receive from their family, peers, and community enables them to create a personal identity
IDENTITY FORMATION
- consist of the roles and statutes that an individual learns as a child.
PRIMARY IDENTITY
- it refers to all those ideas held in society that are considered good, acceptable, and right.
NORMS AND VALUES
- the socially approved behaviors that have no moral underpinning.
- These stem from and organize casual interactions, and emerge out of repetition and routines
FOLKWAYS
- the norms related to moral
conventions. - People feel strongly about mores, and violating them typically results in disapproval or ostracizing.
MORES
- behaviors that are absolutely
forbidden in specific cultures.
TABOOS
- consists of the rules and
regulations that are implemented by the state.
LAWS
- is an individual’s position in his or her society, which carries with it a set of defined rights and obligations.
STATUS
- the sets of expectations from
people who occupy a particular status.
ROLES
- is the act of following the roles and goals of one’s society.
CONFORMITY
- the act of violating the prescribed social norms.
DEVIANCE
