CPAR| 2nd summative Flashcards
7 MAJOR ART FORMS
Visual Arts
Literature
Music
Theater
Dance
Architecture
Film
- The arts are created primarily for
visual perception, such as drawing,
graphics, paintings, sculpture and
other decorative arts. - The Philippine visual arts encompass a range of forms developed by Filipinos in the Ethnic, Spanish, American, and
Contemporary traditions.
VISUAL ARTS
- pottery, weaving, carving, and
metalcraft are made for ritual purposes or for everyday use.
ETHIC PERIOD
- painting and sculpture were
introduced whose subject matter was religious and secular.
SPANISH PERIOD
- was a portraitist and painter of rural landscapes.
- He is best known for his craftsmanship and mastery in the use of light.
- Benesa describes Amorsolo works as the “most expressive of the ethos of the race and the predominantly agricultural countryside”
- Men and women are portrayed as hardworking with smiles on their faces.
- Landscape in Amorsolo’s paintings is rural lands in the Philippines, vegetation and nature.
FERNANDO AMORSOLO (1892-1972)
works of Fernando Amorsolo
Dalagang Bukid
Palay Maiden
- education was introduced to the
Philippines. - And this Education gives the
opportunity to the Filipino to study
abroad and later on, return to our
country and introduce Modern Art
AMERICAN PERIOD
3 Filipinos who studied abroad and influenced the art making in the country
Juan Arellano
Diosdado Lorenzo
Victorio Edades
- Father of Modern Painting
- He introduced visual art through his art exhibition which shocked many Filipino audiences due to his different style in painting.
- Instead of using bright and happy
colors, he used dull and dark hues in his works.
VICTORIO EDADES
SUBJECTS OF VICTORIO EDADES
- Life of the Laborers
- Workers
- Lower sector of the society
WORKS OF VICTORIO EDADES
The builders
Mora Girl
- After the Triumvirate had introduced art modernism, thirteen artists called_____________ followed their path.
THE THIRTEEN MODERN
THE THIRTEEN MODERN
Victorio Edades
Juan Arellano
Diosdado Lorenzo
Arsenio Capili
Bonifacio Cristobal
Demetrio Diego
Cesar Legazpi
Anita Magsaysay-Ho
Galo Ocampo
Hernando R. Ocampo
Jose Pardo
Ricarte Purungganan
Carlos Francisco
During the American period, the
subjects of artworks shifted from _________ to _______
Rural to Urban
- Artist started creating proletarian art
- which depicts life after the war, social issues and economic problems.
PROLETARIAN ART
- ___________ garnered a larger
influence since there are institutions created like;
➔ The Art Association of the Philippines
By: Purita Kalaw-Ledesma
➔ Philippine Art Gallery
By: Lydia Villanueva-Arguilla - And these two institutions supported Modern art movement.
- Through the year’s different artists carrying different styles in making arts became popular and various visual art trends emerged.
- There were stylistics arts and drawings and thematic artworks reflecting Historical, social, economic and political themes.
- It was also during this period that Paris Cubism took scene.
MODERNISM
two institutions supported
Modern art movement:
➔ The Art Association of the Philippines
By: Purita Kalaw-Ledesma
➔ Philippine Art Gallery
By: Lydia Villanueva-Arguilla
Creator of The Art Association of the Philippines
Purita Kalaw-Ledesma
Creator of Philippine Art Gallery
Lydia Villanueva-Arguilla
There were stylistics arts and drawings and thematic artworks reflecting __________, ______, ________ and ________ themes
Historical
social
economic
political
- It is a movement in modern art that emphasises the geometrical depiction of natural forms.
➔ It is an early 20th-century style and movement in art, especially in painting, in which perspective with a single viewpoint was abandoned.
➔ Simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and, later, collages are being used.
CUBISM
- It is a kind of cubism showing
fragmented figures in larger planes, color harmonies and texture.
PARIS CUBISM
- It refers to the artist who paints several different views of a person or object in single paintings usually using straight lines.
CUBIST
Three Cubists during the Modern Period:
Vicente Manansala,
Romeo Tabuena
Cesar Legaspi
Examples of Cubism
Carola by Vicente Manansala
The Brave by Cesar Legaspi
Untitled by Romeo Tabuena
- Was also employed during the modern time.
- The principles and practice of abstract art.
- The presentation of ideas in abstract terms.
- Representational is abandoned.
ABSTRACTIONISM
- It refers to a person who produces abstract works of art
ABSTRACTIONIST
Abstractionist during the modern period: (5)
Hernando R. Ocampo
Arturo Luz
Constantino Bernardo
Jose Joya
Frederico Aguilar Alcuaz
Examples of Abstractionism
Hills of Nikko by Jose Joya
Palitana - White Temple by Arturo Luz
Genesis by H.R. Ocampo
Contemporary Art really is ________ ________
social realism
- Use of different materials like a variety of woods, metals, and stones and combined to produce unique sculptures.
- other sculptors joined and used
plastics, jade, brass and other
materials - Reflects dynamism, freedom of
expression and concern to the masses
NAPOLEON ABUEVA
examples of sculptures
The Pegaraw-Pegasus and Tamaraw by Napoleon Abueva
The Bibingka Vendo by Napoleon Abueva
- They explored the used of glass in making sculptures.
RAMON ORLINA AND IMPY PILAPI
- worked with realism and experimental devices.
BEN CAB
- they are known “surrealist”, surrealism emerged which explored the world of dream
GALO OCAMPO AND JUVENAL
- used other popular art forms conveying nationalistic messages like comic, posters, and cartoons.
SOCIAL REALIST ARTIST
- It refers to the style in a painting
showing minute details of the subjects and highlighting their texture and color.
MAGIC REALISM
example of magic realism
Mag-ina sa Banig by Nestor Leynes
- Showing the lives of the town folks, legends and traditions in the
Philippine Contemporary Period.
GENRE PAINTING
example of genre painting
Under The Mango Tree by Fernando Amorsolo
- 3 artists who used indigenous materials, became a trend in sculptures and installation art to promote environmental awareness.
JUNYEE
ROBERTO VILLANUEVA
ROBERTO FLEO
- Launched an education program that tends to convene artists annually in the country through their regional and national congress.
- The artists were given more avenues to exhibit their works
NCCA’S COMMITTEE ON VISAYAS ARTS (CVA)
- these groups create workshops, art festivals, and art exhibitions to
encourage young generations to take part in enriching the country’s visual art.
BAGUIO ART GUILD AND BACOLOD’S BLACK ARTIST IN ASIA
- From the latin word literatura/
litteratura (derived itself from
littera: letter or handwriting) - In its broadest sense, is any single
body of written works. - Is writing that is considered to be
an art form, or any single writing
deemed to have artistic or
intellectual value, often due to
deploying language in ways that
differ from ordinary usage. - Was used to refer to all written
accounts, though contemporary
definitions extend the term to
include texts that are spoken or
sung (oral literature). - In the field of poetry during the
contemporary period, publication
of young poets to campus journals
emerged.
LITERATURE
- is a kind of poetry which uses
colloquial language and is built on
concrete images which tend to
describe experiences.
THE “BAGAY” MOVEMENT
Authors in The “Bagay” Movement
Jose F. Lacaba
Rolando S. Tinio
Bienvenido Lumbera
Antonio Samson
Edmund Martinez
EXAMPLE OF BAGAY MOVEMENT
PAKSIW NA AYUNGIN
VALEDICTION SA HILLCREST
EULOGY OF ROACHES
- By Jose F. Lacaba
- The hardships of life symbolize the resilience of Filipinos because no matter what hardships they
experience, they never give up and
this is one of the good qualities
that must be displayed in order to
succeed in life. And no matter how
hard life is, one should not forget
to be thankful.
PAKSIW NA AYUNGIN
- By Rolando S. Tinio
- About how Rolando Tinio was
conflicted about leaving the USA
and going back to the Philippines.
He thinks about how he grew to
have sentimental value to the place he had stayed in and also for the things that also have been there for a long time or with personal value.
VALEDICTION SA HILLCREST
- By Bienvenido Lumbera
- Message that the Filipino society is influenced by the wealthy-yet-sluggard leaders and those poor families were born and will die in poverty
EULOGY OF ROACHES
- By Amado V. Hernandez
- long narrative piece about a
peasant leader.
The main themes piece: - Oppression
- fighting for human rights
ANG BAYANG MALAYA
- ___________________and ________________ became the theme of the poems.
Social protest and social realism
The nationalist spirit of many writers arose:
- Because of Marshall Law and the
works of American and British
poets influenced the English
poems in the Philippines
Artists who were influenced western poetry are:
● Edith Tiempo
● Emmanuel Torres
● Dominador Ilio
SUBJECTS OF POEMS
- Love
- Identity
- Oppression
- Subjects concerning the poet’s
private world
BONSAI
By Edith Tiempo
- focused on the self-consciousness and self
expression of the writer
SHORT STORY
- The production of novels with
sociopolitical themes continued
after the world war II
NOVEL
- (English poets and short story
writer) - Focused on the search for Identity
ENGLISH NOVELIST
- Aiming to analyze the Philippine
writing
LITERARY CRITICISM
- Developed by women writers
INFORMAL ESSAY
- An art of sound in time that expresses ideas and emotions in significant forms through the elements of Music.
MUSIC
- The music of the country was mostly classical due to influence of the European.
- This kind of music continued
flourishing until the 1950s
AMERICAN PERIOD
- It was in the 1950s that _____________ music emerge
- The __________ (from French,
“advance guard” or “vanguard“, literally “fore-guard“) - People or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox, with respect to
art, culture, and society.
AVANT-GARDE
- at that time evolved into a combination of classical
and traditional/ethnic music
PHILIPPINE MUSIC
- As time goes by, due to the
introduction of radio, film, and other entertainment technology, The Theater music that once flourished gradually declined. - The _____________________________
remain up to the present.
RONDALLAS/STRING BAND
PINOY POP/FILIPINO POP KINDS OF FORMS:
Dance hits
Rock and Roll
Jazz
Rap
Folksong Revival
- This music characterized as
western-derived with English lyrics but with pure Filipino spirit - Manila sound was born
DEVELOPMENT OF PINOY POP
- OPM is a kind of music purely Filipino and is composed and sung by Filipino composers and singers
ORIGINAL PILIPINO MUSIC (OPM)
- This type of music sprouted out of protest that later on included themes like Filipino values, political and environmental concerns and other societal themes.
ALTERNATIVE MUSIC
- kind of singers influenced alternative music
FOLK BALLADERS
examples of alternative
music
● “Anak” – Freddie Aguilar
● “Tayo’y mga Pinoy” – Herber Bartolome
● “Ako’y Pilipino” – Florante De Leon
DIFFERENT MUSIC GENR
Pop
Rock
OPM
Indigenous music
Jazz
Rap
Ethnic Rock
Other forms exist in music industry
In the ___________________: Through the Establishments of,
● Cultural Center of the Philippines
● Filipino artist
● Filipino music
- Were given Importance
- There were provincial art councils
established which preserve the
traditional music and innovate
Philippine Music.
- Indigenous music continuously thrives and spreads in different localities.
- Local composers continuously create vernacular songs
- Local Festivals like the Las Pinas
Bamboo Organ Festival were
established
REGIONAL SET UP
- Using 5 elements of music in song composition
- Creating Melodies through the
rhythmic pattern of the lyrics - Identifying the chords progression for the melodies
COMPOSITION
5 ELEMENTS OF MUSIC IN SONG
COMPOSITION
- Pitch
- Melodies
- Rhythm
- Harmony
- forms
- Sofa-syllables & Letter names
- DO-RE-MI-FA-SOL-LA-TI-DO
- C D E F G A B C
PITCH
- Melodic Pattern
MELODIES
Meter - Counting
- Guide for counting according to the time signature
Beat - Pattern of beats
- Get the beat patterns from the syllables of the lyrics
RHYTHM
- Put Chords(Triads) on the given melody
- Finger numbers to play a chord in the Keyboard
- Right Hand-(1-3-5)
- Left Hand-(5-3-1)
HARMONY
intro
verse 1
refrain (optional)
chorus
verse 2
refrain (optional)
chorus
bridge
modulation (optional)
chorus 2x
outro
end
FORMS
- It is one of the oldest and most popular forms of entertainment.
- Actors perform live for an audience on a stage or in an other space designated for the performance
THEATER
- The American introduced the Bodabil or Stage Show
AMERICAN PERIOD
- Is genre of variety entertainment is composed of song and dance
numbers, slapstick comedy routines, magic acts, and chorus girls – an indigenized version of the American vaudeville. - However the bodabil in the American period was not a form of stage play
- since it was composed mainly of
songs, dances, and skits.
BODABIL
- a story or play in which there are a lot of exciting or sad events and in which people’s emotions are very exaggerated.
SHORT MELODRAMA
- The Educational system
established by the American in the country paved the way to the development of __________ __________.
legitimate theater
Through the Western education, Production of _______ ______and other western contemporary classics entered the scene
Shakespearean plays
● _____________ greatly influenced theater production
● Theater artist tend to ________ popular American actors and Actresses
● The Philippine theater was
_____________
Western culture
imitate
Americanized
- Because of the exposure to different styles and dramatic theories
The Filipinos were able to expand their horizon and:
● Create stage plays
● Reflect Philippine realities and set up.
- Filipinos in the field of theater started to experiment on the traditional theater forms like:
Sarswela
Sinakulo
Comedya
National Artists in Theater
● Lamberto Avellana
● Severino Montano
● Wilfredo Ma. Guerrero
Different styles of theater (3)
A. Representational style
B. Presentational style
C. Documentary style
2 types of Representational style
- Psychological realism
- Social realism
composed of psychological and social realism
REPRESENTATIONAL STYLE
- deals with the problems of individual.
PSYCHOLOGICAL REALISM
- Orlando Nadre
- This play in Filipino is a story of the masses– the inhabitants of the world, the human being.
- It portrays the “ambitious and
ambitionless, virtuous and vicious
together, the simple, the common, the unknown, the popular and the poor, the rude.
“Paraisong Parisukat”
- Bienvenido Noriega
- was known for its Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW) theme.
- Their only recess is the company of each other and the lingering thought of going back to the Philippines.
- These Filipinos blindly maneuver
themselves in Europe in search of
greener pasture for themselves and some, for their families.
“Bayan-Bayanan”
- deals with the problems of individuals considering their society.
SOCIAL REALISM
-Alberto Florentino
- This play depicts social realities,
particularly of the problems of the
urban poor.
- It tells the story of a couple who has no money to buy food for their children. Her husband spent their money for his vices and he lost his job for stealing. Falsely figuring out the situation as misfortune he left his wife and daughter, went back to his partner in crime and did crimes again to have money.
“The world is an Apple”
- which highlights discussion of social studies
1. The people on the field of theater employed this style during the Marcos regime since realistic portrayal was prohibited.
2. Use of different methods like dance, song, mime, etc. to summon ideas from the audience.
PRESENTATIONAL STYLE
- “Theater of the Oppressed”- Augosto Boal
PRESENTATIONAL STYLE
- which tends to discuss historical
events.
DOCUMENTARY STYLE
“Mayo A-biente Uno”- Al Santos
DOCUMENTARY STYLE
form of theater art that emerged
Dula-dula(short drama poem)
● Musicals with contemporary themes
● Dance dramas employing ethnic music and choreography
● Plays mixing realistic and non-realistic styles
● Traditional drama forms with
contemporary messages
DIFFERENT THEATER ART FORMS TODAY
The ____ _____ _______ of the CCP involved performances of Theater arts group
National Theater Festivals
f
_______ from Bicol
“Cultural Workers”
___________ from Silay City and_________________________________________________ from Iloilo City
“Dumaans sarswela group”
“Dagyaw Theater and Dance
Company”
● “Kaliwat Theater Collective”
● “Sining Kambyoka Ensemble”
MINDANAO
- It is based upon music or any rhythmic sound.
- It is characterized by rhythmic or
repetition. - To move one’s feet or body, or both, rhythmically in a pattern of steps, especially to the accompaniment of music.
DANCE
- The American introduced the
Vaudeville or _______.
VAUDEVILLE/BODABIL DANCING
- A style of step dance featuring
energetic leg and arm movements and typically performed in wooden-soled shoes
BUCK-AND-WING DANCES
- A step dance in which the performer wears shoes equipped with taps that make a rhythmic sound on the stage as he/she dances
TAP DANCE
- dancing whilst wearing clogs
- Form of step dance characterized by the wearing of inflexible, wooden soled clogs
CLOG DANCE
- Form of dance popular in Europe and America, particularly in Burlesque andVaudeville theater of the 1890s,
- Women dancers manipulate long,
layered skirts with their arms to create a motion of flowing fabric - Often in a darkened theater with
colored light projectors highlighting the patterns of their skirts.
SKIRT DANCE
- System of dance based on formalized movements and positions of the arms,
feet, and body designed to enable the dancer to move with the greatest possible agility, control, speed, lightness, and grace.
EUROPEAN CLASSICAL BALLET
BALLET INSTRUCTOR IN THE PHILIPPINES (2)
Remedios de Oteyza
Leonor Orosa-Goquinco
- Ballet was followed by Modern Dance
- Revolutionary in nature and does not conform to the rules of classical ballet.
- Form of contemporary theatrical and concert dance employing a special technique for developing the use of the entire body in movements expressive of abstract ideas.
MODERN DANCE
MODERN DANCE DEALS WITH:
● Mixture of a wide range of dances
● Western and Asian dances
● Traditional dances
● Experimental dances
- _____________________________ followed the rise of Modern dance
FOLK AND SOCIAL DANCES
- The legendary “Mother of Philippine Dancing.“
- She founded the Philippine Folk Dance Society.
- A National Artist for Dance Awardee
- After she researched on the Philippine Folk dances.
- Her published research on Folk dances influenced many Filipino dancers to do similar things.
- She entered the Bureau of Education, the Bureau integrated folk dances in the Educational System which resulted in its popularity.
FRANCISCA REYES AQUINO
5 MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF PHILIPPINE FOLK DANCE
A. Cordillera Dances
B. Spanish Influenced Dances
C. Muslim Dances
D. Tribal Dances
E. Rural Dances
- Their rituals celebrate their daily lives - a good harvest, health, peace, war, and other symbols of living.
EXAMPLE: “Pattong” and “Banga”
CORDILLERA DANCES
- Dances reflects socialites to the
Christianity, and stringed music of
European and the rondalla culture.
EXAMPLE: “Jota” and “Habanera”
SPANISH INFLUENCED DANCES
- Influenced by Malay, Javanese and Middle eastern Trades(Islam)
EXAMPLE: “Singkil” and “Pangalay”
MUSLIM DANCES
- Reflects rituals and animals, belief in “spirits and shamans”
- Also known as Ethnic nature- “anito” dances; Ethnic minorities
EXAMPLE: “Kadal tahaw” and “Bangkakawan”
TRIBAL DANCES
- Reflects the simple life of perseverance the people in barrio
EXAMPLE: “Maglalatik” and “Pandango sa Ilaw”
RURAL DANCES
5 FILIPINO ADAPTATIONS OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN DANCES
A. Valse
B. Regaudon
C. Polka
D. Fandango
E. Jota
waltz
VALSE
- A lively jumping quickstep for two
couples, usually in rapid duple meter.
REGAUDON
- A 19th-century Bohemian dance with three steps and a hop, in fast duple time
POLKA
- A lively Spanish or Spanish-American dance in triple time, performed by a man and woman playing castanets.
FANDANGO
- A Spanish dance with castanets in fast tripletime
JOTA
- Today, the mentioned dance forms are ______ ______ even in the contemporary
setting
still alive
- People on the Region still performs traditional and folk dances especially in ______and _______
fiestas
festivals
- ______ _____ ____, and ballet schools and associations were established
Ballet still exists
Modern dance continues to live with more _____ and _______
techniques
innovations
ESTABLISHED DANCE GROUPS
● Integrated Performing Arts
Guild(IPAG)-(Iligan City)
● Dagyaw Theater and Dance
Company-(Iloilo City)
● Teatro Amakan-(Iloilo City)
● Philippine High School for the
arts-(Laguna)
- There are still many other groups
founded to develop further, promote
and preserve Philippine dance.
5 DEVELOPMENT DANCE IN MODERN TIME
● Bodabil Dance
● Classical Ballet
● Modern Dance
● Folk Dance
● Contemporary Dance
- This art is expressed through rhythmic features, such as the windows, ornaments, columns and tile flooring.
ARCHITECTURE
- Philippine Architecture adopted the modern Architectural Style
- Philippine Architecture characterized
as:
● Simple
● Rational
● Functional
AMERICAN COLONIAL AND
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
In the early 20th century, 3 Filipino Architects went back to the
Philippines and brought changes in the Philippine Architecture:
● Juan Arellano
● Carlos Barreto
● Antonio Toledo
- Metropolitan theater and experimented with romanticism
Juan Arellano
These Filipinos introduced the
__________ style in the building
structures
Neoclassic
- They tend to revive the ____________________
- Decorative motifs incorporating _______ ______ and variety of colors were employed in the building.
classic architecture
native plants
It was also in the 20th century the
“tsalet” was developed
- It is a type of house on stilts
with a front porch made of
wood and concrete
- It was during this time when steel was used as protection for calamities like earthquakes
TSALET AND STEEL
- Real estate development started to take place
- Two story-houses, Urban housing, multi-story tenements, government
- housing projects and condominiums also emerged
WORLD WAR II
- Constructions of:
● Expressways
● Convention centers
● Hotels
● Malls
● High-rise buildings
● Amusement Centers
MARCOS ERA
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS
● Escalators
● Elevators
● Air-conditioning system
● Computers
- Tend to imitate the architectural styles in urban.
● Residential houses
● Churches
● Public Market
● Business Space - Eco-cultural tourism was introduced.
- Theme parks and resorts were
developed in tourist spots - Cultural heritage preservation
REGIONAL SET UP IN ARCHITECTURE
- It is a series of images that are
projected onto a screen to create the illusion of motion - One of the most popular forms of
entertainment, enabling people to
immerse themselves in an imaginary world for a short period of time.
FILM
- Was greatly influenced by Hollywood
- Local films portrayed the lives of the Filipinos
- Use of Tagalog as its language
- Theater art forms influenced the
succeeding film productions: Sarswela, Sinakulo and Komedya - Philippine Literature was also another source of movie themes
- Film adaptations of the works of
Francisco Baltazar and Jose Rizal
● Florante at Laura
● Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo - Other literary sources like novels and folklores inspired film making
EARLY TIMES
- The film industry started through the initiative of foreign businessmen.
IN 1897
- The film became popular Edward Gross and Harry Brown produced the film about the life of Dr. Jose Rizal.
IN 1912
- Movie production stopped
- Filipinos went back watching and
producing shows
IN 1942
- Movie Production resumed
- Films produced war stories and
heroism (Garrison 13 and Dugo ng
Bayan)
AFTER THE WAR
- There had been a decline studios
- Independent producers dominated film industry
- Sex films enter the movie industry
- Fan movies also entered the scene
- Slapsticks comedies and action
movies became popular
IN THE SUCCEEDING PERIODS
- The Government regulated film making
- New young directors rose who started the so-called new cinema
- With the establishment of the Board of Censorship Motion Pictures(BCMP)
- Film scripts had to be submitted prior production
DURING MARCOS REGIME
meaning of (BCMP)
Board of Censorship Motion Pictures
THREE DIRECTORS OF NEW CINEMA
● Lino Brocka
● Celso Ad
● Ishmael Bernal
themes of films
● Nationhood
● Love in a hostile setting
● Social issues
5 film makers
● Marilou Diaz-Abaya
● Mike de Leon
● Laurice Guillen
● Maria O’hara
● Mel Chionglo
IN THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
Philippine film revolved around a variety of subjects and themes:
● Martyr wife
● Superhero
● Action
● Melodramas
● Comedies
- Were the first to feature a film show in manila.
SWISS ENTREPRENEURS
- The first Filipino who produced a film
- “The Father of Philippine movies”
- One of his works was entitled
“Dalagang Bukid”
JOSE NEPOMUCENO
FILM COMPANIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
● Filippine Films
● Parlatone Hispano-Filipino
● Excelsior Pictures
● Sampaguita Inc, LVN Pictures
● X’otic Films
Four film studios became prominent and considered as Big Four:
● LVN
● Sampaguita
● Lebran
● Premiere
Filipino movies, directors and producers started to be recognized locally and internationally:
● Ifugao (Gerardo De Leon)
● Anak Dalita (Lamberto
Avellana)
- Filmmakers producing ___________ or ____________
- (These filmmakers produced movies through lightweight technologies)
alternative cinema or independent films
USUAL SCREENING VENUES
● Schools
● International film festivals
● Outreach program
one of the known independent
film directors
Kidlat Tahimik
