BIO 2|EVOLUTION Flashcards
Development Of Evolutionary Thought (3)
A. Catastrophism By Georges Cuvier
B. Inheritance Of Acquired Trait By Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
C. Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection
Four Basic Principles Of Natural Selection
A. Variation
B. Heritability
C. Overproduction
D. Reproductive Advantage
6 Mechanisms Of Evolution
A. Natural Selection
B. Genetic Drift
C. Artificial Selection
D. Mutation
E. Migration
F. Recombination
- French Zoologist and Paleontologist
Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
- The theory of
___________ states that the Earth has been shaped by
sudden, often unpredicted, events that are short-lived
but impactful. - It proposes the idea that catastrophes are responsible for mass extinctions and other processes
CATASTROPHISM BY GEORGES CUVIER
French Naturalist and Biologist
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck(1744-1829)
- According to Lamarck,
organisms alter their
behavior in response to
environmental change. - Their changed behavior,
in turn, modified their organs, and their offspring inherited those “improved” structures.
INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED TRAIT BY
JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARK
- “The Father Of Evolution”
- Naturalist, Geologist and Biologist
Charles Darwin (1808-1882)
- Darwin defined evolution as “descent with modification,” the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor.
- The mechanism that Darwin proposed for evolution is natural
selection.
THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION
- causes populations to
become adapted, or increasingly well-suited,
to their environments over
time. - depends on the environment and requires
existing heritable variation in a group.
Natural selection
In _____, Darwin published his famous book,_____. This book caused a lot of controversy, but it also gained a lot of support.
1859
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
H.M.S Beagle
Her Majesty’s Ship
1831-1836
Darwin found that nearby islands in the _________had similar but not identical species of finches living on them.
Galápagos
This mechanism was elegant and logical, and it explained how populations could evolve (undergo
descent with modification) in such a way that they became better suited to their environments over time.
natural selection
- Individuals have traits better suited to the environment than
others. - Individuals with adaptive traits give them some advantages and are more likely to survive and
reproduce.
VARIATION
refers to the degree of
adaptation of an individual to its environment which is passed onto future
Fitness
Variations in traits of individuals maybe passed on to their offspring.
HERITABILITY
Organisms can produce more individuals than can be supported by the environment
OVERPRODUCTION
Some traits allow individuals to gain more advantage in terms of fitness.
REPRODUCTIVE ADVANTAGE
usually predominates in large populations
It results in evolution when
individuals with higher survival and reproductive rates pass on these
traits to their offspring.
operates according to the differential reproductive successes of individuals
NATURAL SELECTION
- Random change in the frequency of gene.
- In each generation, some
individuals may, just by chance, leave behind a few more descendants than other individuals. - A large reduction in the size of the population increases evolutionary
change by genetic drift is termed bottleneck.
Some individuals may survive by luck. The offspring of these individuals carry the
genes for the “lucky” and not necessarily the “better” individuals
GENETIC DRIFT
- is a technique in which the intervention of humans
allows only for selected
organisms to breed and produce offspring.
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
- A change in the DNA of an
organism. - is a random event and it may be beneficial or harmful.
- Environmental factors may influence the rate of ________and not all _________result in evolution.
MUTATION
- is the movement of
populations, groups or individual species. - It enables gene flow, which is the movement of genetic characteristics from one population to another.
MIGRATION
Exchange of segments between DNA molecules or chromosomes
RECOMBINATION
