PR 2|WEEK 5-6 Flashcards
The __________________ includes criteria in selecting, citing, and synthesizing related literature.
Review of Related Literature (RRL)
It will also involve the following : (4)
ethical standards in writing related literature
formulation of conceptual framework
research hypothesis
definition of terms as used in the study.
Skills to be developed:
(6)
Selecting relevant literature
citing related literature using APA format
synthesizing information from relevant literature
writing coherent review of related literature
observing ethical standards in writing related literature
illustrating and explaining conceptual framework.
WHAT IS A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW?(3)
- An academic text that provides an overview of a particular topic.
- It helps to identify known and not known subject of the study.
- It involves the use of Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS)
An important feature of academic texts is that they are:
organized in a specific way
they have a clear structure.
This structure makes it easier for your reader to navigate your text and understand the material
better.
It also makes it easier for you to organize your material.
The structure of an academic text should be clear throughout the text and within each section,
paragraph and even sentence (Karolinska Institutet-University Library, 2018).
such as Review, Evaluation, and Synthesis of several scholarly works (journal articles, professional books, online sources, and specialized
references).
It involves the use of Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS)
A systematic quantitative literature review can help answer important questions, such as:
-who has published on the topic?
-where has research been conducted?
-when was most of the research undertaken?
-what key research questions were addressed, and are any missing?
-what methods have been used and have any been neglected?
-what have researchers discovered?
-are there any limitations (such as problems with methods, analyses and results)?
-what is still unexplored? (Pickering & Byrne, 2014).
Functions of Related Literature
- It establishes the relevance of the study.
- It further helps in establishing research gap that the study intends to fill.
- It provide important information about your topic and the concepts related to it.
- It presents contradictions between and among previous literature.
- Justifies your research methodology based on previous studies relevant to your research; and
- Presents and discusses your theoretical and conceptual frameworks which are the backbone of your study.
Key Points to Consider in Related Literature
- This is not a summary of all the literature that you read, but rather an exposition or background
knowledge for further search. - This can be placed or found in various sections of the study like introduction, literature review and
discussion. - An intelligent synthesis of the literature must be presented in the research paper.
- An effective and practical management of collected literature will facilitate both the analysis and synthesis of literature.
Strategies for effective summarizing:
- Read and understand content.
- Annotate the text
- Take note of essential information for bibliographical citation.
- Identify main idea and write using your own words.
- Combine sentences and make it coherent using appropriate cohesive devices.
- Avoid adding comments.
- Avoid repeating ideas unnecessarily.
- Compare summary to the original text.
To avoid plagiarism basic principles of ethical practice should be applied such as paraphrasing
and citation.
Research Ethics
“most serious violations of the contract between the reader and the writer” (Roig,2002).
It is the use of someone’ else’s words or ideas, and passing them off as your own.
It is associated with phrases such as kidnapping of words, or ideas, fraud, and literary theft.
__________of ideas and __________ of text.
Plagiarism
DRAFT THE RELATED LITERATURE (Barrot, 2017)
- Get a model paper that deals with a topic similar to yours
- Divide the literature review into two subsections
- Write a synthesis
- Survey all possible sources
Pattern your sequence or make a topic outline using key words as guide.
Use headings and subheadings because it helps to organize and make sense of the ideas to
your research.
Apply the principles of cohesiveness in writing.
Meaning, each paragraph will focus only in one main idea and should be linked
to one another.
Use cohesive devices throughout the literature review to link one idea to another.
Examples: transitional devices, conjunctions, pronouns, and repetition of terms for
referencing ideas.
- Get a model paper that deals with a topic similar to yours.
Pattern your sequence or ________________ using ___________ as guide
make a topic outline
key words
Use _________and ____________ because it helps to organize and make sense of the ideas to
your research.
headings and subheadings
Apply the principles of _________ in writing.
cohesiveness
Use _______________ throughout the literature review to link one idea to another.
cohesive devices
Divide the literature review into two subsections:
A. Conceptual literature section
B. Related studies section
A. Conceptual literature section (2)
a. Operational Definition
b. Conceptual Definition
B. Related studies section (3)
- Thematic arrangement
- Chronological arrangement
- Typological arrangement
specifically made for your study
Operational Definition
definition of the term used in a specific discipline and should be quoted and cited. Although, use direct quotation sparingly.
(Usually in thesis writing, this is a specific portion of the introduction)
Conceptual Definition
if your intention is to make the readers focus on how your study is similar to or different from the previous ones.
Thematic arrangement
if you want to emphasize the development and progress in a specific field of study.
Chronological arrangement
if there are sufficient studies conducted locally about the topic of your research.
Typological arrangement
To show that the scholarly works shaped your paper and reinforce the research gap.
Write a synthesis
before claiming no prior studies done
Survey all possible sources
a part of the study that “explains, either graphical or narrative form the main things (key factors or
variables, concepts, and theories) to be studied and the presumed relationships among them (as cited in Arcinas, 2016 p54-56).”
describes the relationship between specific variables identified in the study. Baraceros (2017)
Conceptual framework
ARROW (⟶)
pointing from the independent variable towards the dependent
variable)
indicating a “cause and effect” relationship
LINE (─)
causality is not established.
It includes a logical and procedural model to help design their own particular study (researcher’smap).
It also outlines the input, process, and output of the whole investigation.
Conceptual framework
It helps you refine the goals of the study, notice possible errors, and select appropriate methods (data collection and analysis) for the study (Barrot, 2017).
It is anchored on a formal theory that provides context for the outcome of the study.
Conceptual framework
It also provides explanation of the importance of the study and how the researcher anticipates filling the gap in the literature.
provides evidence of academic standards and procedure (Walden University, 2020).
is founded on the theoretical framework that lies on a much broader scale of resolution
Conceptual framework
is may be formulated from an existing theory/ies as the foundation of the
study (Cristobal & dela Cruz-Cristobal, 2017).
Time tested theories that embody the findings of numerous investigations on how phenomena
occur (Barrot, 2017).
Theoretical framework
The conceptual and theoretical frameworks are also called as the
research paradigm
is the result of the clear understanding of the conceptual or theoretical framework in a diagrammatic presentation of the study (Cristobal & dela Cruz-Cristobal, 2017).
Paradigm of the study
can be made up of varied figures, lines, circles, boxes or symbols representing your concepts of those varied features of the research (Baraceros, 2017).
paradigm of the study
Broader in scope as it can be used in different studies
Scope of Theoretical Framework
A particular study
Focus of content of Theoretical Framework
Contains only one theory in one framework
Number of theories in Theoretical Framework
Already existing prior to the conduct of the
study
Time of development of Theoretical Framework
More focused in scope as it directly relates to a
specific study
Scope of Conceptual Framework
A set of related concepts that will be specifically
used in the study
Focus of content of Conceptual Framework
May combined different theories into one cohesive
framework
Number of theories in Conceptual Framework
Developed while planning and writing a specific
research
Time of development
of Conceptual Framework
Barrot (2017) provides some strategies in developing your conceptual framework: (5)
- Identify key concepts/variables of your study from the research questions or objectives for alignment.
- Search supportive theories of key concepts/variables and its relationships.
- Using the theories as guide, plot your conceptual framework using a concept map.
- Key concepts/variables not supported by theories but are needed in the study can be incorporated into
the conceptual framework. - Write a narrative explanation of each concept and how are they related to one another.
part of statistics in which we make assumptions about the population parameter.
a proper procedure by analyzing a random sample of the population to accept or reject the
assumption (Sahoo, 2003; Gupta & Kapoor, 2002; & Watkins, 2016).
There are different types of research hypothesis depending on what kind of research study and
purpose you have.
Quantitative research that deals with hypothesis testing, dwell with the two types.
Only inferential questions are provided with these two types of hypothesis.
Hypothesis Testing
2 Type of Hypothesis
- Null hypothesis
- Alternate hypothesis
is a type of hypothesis in which we assume that the sample
observations are purely by chance.
It is denoted by H0.
Null hypothesis
is a hypothesis in which we assume that
sample observations are NOT by chance.
They are affected by some non-random situation.
It is denoted by H1 or Ha
Alternate hypothesis
Is there a significant difference in the attitudes of learners towards Modular Distance
Learning when grouped
according to socio-economic status and grade level?
Ha: There is a there a significant difference in the attitudes of learners towards Modular Distance Learning when grouped according to socio-economic status and grade level.
Ho: There is no there a significant difference in the attitudes of learners towards Modular Distance Learning when grouped according to socio-economic status and grade level.
Descriptive
comparative
Is there a relationship between
study habits and academic
performance of learners?
Ha: There is a relationship between study habits and academic performance of learners.
Ho: There is no relationship between study habits and academic
performance of learners.
Correlational
Is there a significant difference in the performance of learners who experienced and not
experienced bullying?
Ha: There is a significant difference in the performance of learners
who experienced and not experienced bullying.
Ho: There no significant difference in the performance of learners
who experienced and not experienced bullying.
Ex post facto
Is there a significant difference
in the academic performance of
learners when exposed and not
exposed to the intervention?
Ha: There is a significant difference in the academic performance
of learners when exposed and not exposed to the intervention.
Ho: There is no significant difference in the academic
performance of learners when exposed and not exposed to the intervention.
Quasi experimental/experimental
The process to determine whether to reject a null hypothesis or to fail to reject the null hypothesis,
based on sample data is called hypothesis testing.
Steps of Hypothesis Testing
4 steps in Hypothesis Testing
- Define the null and alternate hypothesis (focus of our discussion)
- Define an analysis plan to find how to use sample data to estimate the null hypothesis
- Do some analysis on the sample data to create a single number called „test statistic‟
- Understand the result by applying the decision rule to check whether the Null hypothesis is
true or not
If the value of t-stat is ____ than the significance level we will _______ the null hypothesis, otherwise, we will fail to reject the null hypothesis.
less
REJECT
