PR 2|WEEK 5-6

Question 1

The __________________ includes criteria in selecting, citing, and synthesizing related literature.

Answer 1

Review of Related Literature (RRL)

Question 2

It will also involve the following : (4)

Answer 2

 ethical standards in writing related literature
 formulation of conceptual framework
 research hypothesis
 definition of terms as used in the study.

Question 3

Skills to be developed:
(6)

Answer 3

 Selecting relevant literature
 citing related literature using APA format
 synthesizing information from relevant literature
 writing coherent review of related literature
 observing ethical standards in writing related literature
 illustrating and explaining conceptual framework.

Question 4

WHAT IS A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW?(3)

Answer 4

1. An academic text that provides an overview of a particular topic.
2. It helps to identify known and not known subject of the study.
3. It involves the use of Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS)

Question 5

An important feature of academic texts is that they are:

Answer 5

 organized in a specific way
 they have a clear structure.
 This structure makes it easier for your reader to navigate your text and understand the material
better.
 It also makes it easier for you to organize your material.
 The structure of an academic text should be clear throughout the text and within each section,
paragraph and even sentence (Karolinska Institutet-University Library, 2018).

Question 6

such as Review, Evaluation, and Synthesis of several scholarly works (journal articles, professional books, online sources, and specialized
references).

Answer 6

It involves the use of Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS)

Question 7

A systematic quantitative literature review can help answer important questions, such as:

Answer 7

 -who has published on the topic?
 -where has research been conducted?
 -when was most of the research undertaken?
 -what key research questions were addressed, and are any missing?
 -what methods have been used and have any been neglected?
 -what have researchers discovered?
 -are there any limitations (such as problems with methods, analyses and results)?
 -what is still unexplored? (Pickering & Byrne, 2014).

Question 8

Functions of Related Literature

Answer 8

1. It establishes the relevance of the study.
2. It further helps in establishing research gap that the study intends to fill.
3. It provide important information about your topic and the concepts related to it.
4. It presents contradictions between and among previous literature.
5. Justifies your research methodology based on previous studies relevant to your research; and
6. Presents and discusses your theoretical and conceptual frameworks which are the backbone of your study.

Question 9

Key Points to Consider in Related Literature

Answer 9

1. This is not a summary of all the literature that you read, but rather an exposition or background
   knowledge for further search.
2. This can be placed or found in various sections of the study like introduction, literature review and
   discussion.
3. An intelligent synthesis of the literature must be presented in the research paper.
4. An effective and practical management of collected literature will facilitate both the analysis and synthesis of literature.

Question 10

Strategies for effective summarizing:

Answer 10

1. Read and understand content.
2. Annotate the text
3. Take note of essential information for bibliographical citation.
4. Identify main idea and write using your own words.
5. Combine sentences and make it coherent using appropriate cohesive devices.
6. Avoid adding comments.
7. Avoid repeating ideas unnecessarily.
8. Compare summary to the original text.

Question 11

To avoid plagiarism basic principles of ethical practice should be applied such as paraphrasing
and citation.

Answer 11

Research Ethics

Question 12

“most serious violations of the contract between the reader and the writer” (Roig,2002).
It is the use of someone’ else’s words or ideas, and passing them off as your own.
It is associated with phrases such as kidnapping of words, or ideas, fraud, and literary theft.
__________of ideas and __________ of text.

Answer 12

Plagiarism

Question 13

DRAFT THE RELATED LITERATURE (Barrot, 2017)

Answer 13

1. Get a model paper that deals with a topic similar to yours
2. Divide the literature review into two subsections
3. Write a synthesis
4. Survey all possible sources

Question 14

Pattern your sequence or make a topic outline using key words as guide.
Use headings and subheadings because it helps to organize and make sense of the ideas to
your research.
Apply the principles of cohesiveness in writing.
Meaning, each paragraph will focus only in one main idea and should be linked
to one another.
Use cohesive devices throughout the literature review to link one idea to another.
Examples: transitional devices, conjunctions, pronouns, and repetition of terms for
referencing ideas.

Answer 14

1. Get a model paper that deals with a topic similar to yours.

Question 15

Pattern your sequence or ________________ using ___________ as guide

Answer 15

make a topic outline

key words

Question 16

Use _________and ____________ because it helps to organize and make sense of the ideas to
your research.

Answer 16

headings and subheadings

Question 17

Apply the principles of _________ in writing.

Answer 17

cohesiveness

Question 18

Use _______________ throughout the literature review to link one idea to another.

Answer 18

cohesive devices

Question 19

Divide the literature review into two subsections:

Answer 19

A. Conceptual literature section
B. Related studies section

Question 20

A. Conceptual literature section (2)

Answer 20

a. Operational Definition
b. Conceptual Definition

Question 21

B. Related studies section (3)

Answer 21

1. Thematic arrangement
2. Chronological arrangement
3. Typological arrangement

Question 22

specifically made for your study

Answer 22

Operational Definition

Question 23

definition of the term used in a specific discipline and should be quoted and cited. Although, use direct quotation sparingly.
(Usually in thesis writing, this is a specific portion of the introduction)

Answer 23

Conceptual Definition

Question 24

if your intention is to make the readers focus on how your study is similar to or different from the previous ones.

Answer 24

Thematic arrangement

Question 25

if you want to emphasize the development and progress in a specific field of study.

Answer 25

Chronological arrangement

Question 26

if there are sufficient studies conducted locally about the topic of your research.

Answer 26

Typological arrangement

Question 27

To show that the scholarly works shaped your paper and reinforce the research gap.

Answer 27

Write a synthesis

Question 28

before claiming no prior studies done

Answer 28

Survey all possible sources

Question 29

a part of the study that “explains, either graphical or narrative form the main things (key factors or
variables, concepts, and theories) to be studied and the presumed relationships among them (as cited in Arcinas, 2016 p54-56).”
describes the relationship between specific variables identified in the study. Baraceros (2017)

Answer 29

Conceptual framework

Question 30

ARROW (⟶)
pointing from the independent variable towards the dependent
variable)

Answer 30

indicating a “cause and effect” relationship

Question 30

LINE (─)

Answer 30

causality is not established.

Question 31

 It includes a logical and procedural model to help design their own particular study (researcher’smap).
 It also outlines the input, process, and output of the whole investigation.

Answer 31

Conceptual framework

Question 32

 It helps you refine the goals of the study, notice possible errors, and select appropriate methods (data collection and analysis) for the study (Barrot, 2017).
 It is anchored on a formal theory that provides context for the outcome of the study.

Answer 32

Conceptual framework

Question 33

 It also provides explanation of the importance of the study and how the researcher anticipates filling the gap in the literature.
 provides evidence of academic standards and procedure (Walden University, 2020).
is founded on the theoretical framework that lies on a much broader scale of resolution

Answer 33

Conceptual framework

Question 34

is may be formulated from an existing theory/ies as the foundation of the
study (Cristobal & dela Cruz-Cristobal, 2017).
Time tested theories that embody the findings of numerous investigations on how phenomena
occur (Barrot, 2017).

Answer 34

Theoretical framework

Question 35

The conceptual and theoretical frameworks are also called as the

Answer 35

research paradigm

Question 36

is the result of the clear understanding of the conceptual or theoretical framework in a diagrammatic presentation of the study (Cristobal & dela Cruz-Cristobal, 2017).

Answer 36

Paradigm of the study

Question 37

can be made up of varied figures, lines, circles, boxes or symbols representing your concepts of those varied features of the research (Baraceros, 2017).

Answer 37

paradigm of the study

Question 38

Broader in scope as it can be used in different studies

Answer 38

Scope of Theoretical Framework

Question 39

A particular study

Answer 39

Focus of content of Theoretical Framework

Question 40

Contains only one theory in one framework

Answer 40

Number of theories in Theoretical Framework

Question 41

Already existing prior to the conduct of the
study

Answer 41

Time of development of Theoretical Framework

Question 42

More focused in scope as it directly relates to a
specific study

Answer 42

Scope of Conceptual Framework

Question 43

A set of related concepts that will be specifically
used in the study

Answer 43

Focus of content of Conceptual Framework

Question 44

May combined different theories into one cohesive
framework

Answer 44

Number of theories in Conceptual Framework

Question 45

Developed while planning and writing a specific
research

Answer 45

Time of development
of Conceptual Framework

Question 46

Barrot (2017) provides some strategies in developing your conceptual framework: (5)

Answer 46

1. Identify key concepts/variables of your study from the research questions or objectives for alignment.
2. Search supportive theories of key concepts/variables and its relationships.
3. Using the theories as guide, plot your conceptual framework using a concept map.
4. Key concepts/variables not supported by theories but are needed in the study can be incorporated into
   the conceptual framework.
5. Write a narrative explanation of each concept and how are they related to one another.

Question 48

 part of statistics in which we make assumptions about the population parameter.
 a proper procedure by analyzing a random sample of the population to accept or reject the
assumption (Sahoo, 2003; Gupta & Kapoor, 2002; & Watkins, 2016).
 There are different types of research hypothesis depending on what kind of research study and
purpose you have.
 Quantitative research that deals with hypothesis testing, dwell with the two types.
 Only inferential questions are provided with these two types of hypothesis.

Answer 48

Hypothesis Testing

Question 49

2 Type of Hypothesis

Answer 49

1. Null hypothesis
2. Alternate hypothesis

Question 50

is a type of hypothesis in which we assume that the sample
observations are purely by chance.
 It is denoted by H0.

Answer 50

Null hypothesis

Question 51

is a hypothesis in which we assume that
sample observations are NOT by chance.
 They are affected by some non-random situation.
 It is denoted by H1 or Ha

Answer 51

Alternate hypothesis

Question 52

 Is there a significant difference in the attitudes of learners towards Modular Distance
Learning when grouped
according to socio-economic status and grade level?
Ha: There is a there a significant difference in the attitudes of learners towards Modular Distance Learning when grouped according to socio-economic status and grade level.
Ho: There is no there a significant difference in the attitudes of learners towards Modular Distance Learning when grouped according to socio-economic status and grade level.

Answer 52

Descriptive
comparative

Question 53

 Is there a relationship between
study habits and academic
performance of learners?
Ha: There is a relationship between study habits and academic performance of learners.
Ho: There is no relationship between study habits and academic
performance of learners.

Answer 53

Correlational

Question 54

 Is there a significant difference in the performance of learners who experienced and not
experienced bullying?
Ha: There is a significant difference in the performance of learners
who experienced and not experienced bullying.
Ho: There no significant difference in the performance of learners
who experienced and not experienced bullying.

Answer 54

Ex post facto

Question 55

 Is there a significant difference
in the academic performance of
learners when exposed and not
exposed to the intervention?
Ha: There is a significant difference in the academic performance
of learners when exposed and not exposed to the intervention.
Ho: There is no significant difference in the academic
performance of learners when exposed and not exposed to the intervention.

Answer 55

Quasi experimental/experimental

Question 56

The process to determine whether to reject a null hypothesis or to fail to reject the null hypothesis,
based on sample data is called hypothesis testing.

Answer 56

Steps of Hypothesis Testing

Question 57

4 steps in Hypothesis Testing

Answer 57

1. Define the null and alternate hypothesis (focus of our discussion)
2. Define an analysis plan to find how to use sample data to estimate the null hypothesis
3. Do some analysis on the sample data to create a single number called „test statistic‟
4. Understand the result by applying the decision rule to check whether the Null hypothesis is
   true or not

Question 58

If the value of t-stat is ____ than the significance level we will _______ the null hypothesis, otherwise, we will fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Answer 58

less

REJECT