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GR12 Alessandra's 1st Quarter > BIO 2|Genetic Engineering > Flashcards

BIO 2|Genetic Engineering Flashcards

1
Q
  • Artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules to modify an organism or its population
  • Manipulation/Alteration of the structure of a gene to create a desired organism
  • Does not include SELECTIVE BREEDING
A

Genetic Engineering

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2
Q

Genetic Engineering is done by:(5)

A
  • Combining DNA
  • Removing a gene
  • Genome doubling
  • Altering genetic sequence
  • Inserting a gene
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3
Q

How organisms may be modified:(6)

A
  • Parts of organism are genetically altered to enhance certain properties that certain organism can do.
  • gene insertion from two different plants/combination.
  • manipulated manipulation
  • deletion of a section of DNA
  • transduction
    altering by adding DNA fragment
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4
Q
  • Combining selected traits
  • Does not alter genetic makeup
  • indirect genetic engineering
A

Selective Breeding

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5
Q
  • Contains base pairs
  • No hydroxyl group
  • Has nitrogenous bases
  • Has a sugar-phosphate backbone
A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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6
Q

4 base pairs

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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7
Q

Double-ring structure

A

Purines

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8
Q

Single-ring structure (Includes Uracil in RNA)

A

Pyrimidines

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9
Q

Part of a DNA (Usually the one being modified)

A

Gene

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10
Q
  • Father of Genetic Engineering
  • Made significant contributions to molecular biology and genetic engineering
  • Achievements include
  • 50 years in genetic engineering
A

Paul Berg (1926 - 2023)

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11
Q

Paul Berg contributions:

A
  • Recombinant DNA technology
  • Gene Splicing
  • Biochemical Research
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12
Q
  • Rudolph Jaenisch & Beatrice Mintz infected mouse embryos with SV40 (monkey) virus
  • Showed that the viral DNA was integrated in the germ line
A

1974 (Mouse Embryos)

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13
Q

inventor of 1974 (Mouse Embryos)

A

Rudolph Jaenisch & Beatrice Mintz

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14
Q

First Transgenic Plant and A significant milestone in the field of plant biotechnology

A

Tobacco(1980s)

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15
Q

1980s (First Transgenic Plant: Tobacco)
Pioneered by:

A
  • Richard B. Flavell
  • Mary-Dell Chilton
  • Elliot Meyerowitz
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16
Q
  • Done by researchers led by Genentech
  • Produced synthetic human insulin using recombinant DNA technology
  • Marked a major milestone in biotechnology and medicine
A

1978 (Synthetic Human Insulin)

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17
Q

who led 1978 (Synthetic Human Insulin)?

A

led by Genentech

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18
Q
  • Regulates blood sugar
  • Harvested from the pancreas of animals (uses e.coli)
A

Insulin

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19
Q
  • Developed by Calgene
  • Longer shelf life, delayed ripening and bigger
  • Introduced to the market (FDA approved) by 1994
A

1994 (Flavr Savr Tomato)

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20
Q

who developed 1994 (Flavr Savr Tomato)

A

Developed by Calgene

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21
Q

Genetic Engineering Techniques

A
  • Introduction of new traits to an organism
  • Enhancement of a present trait by increasing the expression of the desired gene
  • Enhancement of present trait by disrupting the inhibition of desired gene’s expression
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22
Q

Protein produced by bacteria that cleaves DNA at specific sites along the molecule

A

Restriction Endonuclease (RE)

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23
Q

earranges the sequence

A

Crispr

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24
Q

Sequence only an RE can cut

A

GAATTC

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25
Q
  • Base pair
  • Leaves a sticky end from GAATTC and another DNA (from bacteria)
  • DNA ligase seals both segments
A

CTTAAG

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26
Q

Cut at the ends

A

Restriction Exonuclease

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27
Q

Circular fragments of DNA from bacterial cell

A

Plasmid

28
Q
  • Opens a plasmid to insert a gene
  • Uneven ends (sticky)
  • Complementary sticky ends
A

Restriction Enzyme (Restriction En)

29
Q
  1. Cleave DNA from two different sources with the same restriction enzyme
  2. Mix fragments from both digestions and allow sticky ends of fragments to join by base pairing
  3. Incubate with DNA ligase to link both strands covalently
A

steps in Restriction Endonuclease

30
Q
  • Collection of gene clones that represent the genetic material of an organism
  • In molecular biology, it is a collection of DNA fragments stored and propagated in a population of microorganisms through the process of molecular cloning
A

Gene Library

31
Q

steps in Gene Library:

A
  1. Isolated genome
  2. Cutting isolated DNA into suitable sized fragments using restriction enzymes
  3. Vector (plasmid) with a DNA fragment
  4. Introduction to a suitable host like bacterium multiplication, screening, identification, and characterization of clones
  5. Maintenance of such set clones (genomic library)
32
Q
  • Play a crucial role in genetic engineering by serving carries for the transfer of genetic information
  • For example, DNA fragments (genes) into target cells or organisms
A

Vector

33
Q

steps in vector:

A
  1. Restriction enzymes cut out the DNA of interest and open the vector
  2. DNA ligase joins the two DNA sequences together
34
Q

A living cell (usually a microorganism or eukaryotic cell) used to carry and replicate foreign genetic material introduced

A

Host Cell

35
Q
  • Expresses the desired trait
  • Usually eukaryotic
  • Used to carry and replicate foreign genetic material
A

Host

36
Q

steps in insulin:

A
  1. Insulin gene from a cell is inserted to a plasmid (Recombinant DNA)
  2. Transgenic bacterium with plasmid containing insulin gene
  3. Recombinant bacteria gain ability to secrete human insulin
37
Q
  • Also known as gene delivery or gene transfer techniques
  • Refers to the various methods and tech used to introduce foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA) into cells, organisms or tissues
A

Gene Transfer Method

38
Q
  • Process of introducing foreign genetic material (DNA) into an organism’s cells to alter its genetic makeup
  • Usually on prokaryotic cells
A

Transformation

39
Q

steps in transformation:

A
  1. Gene is removed from the plasmid of a cell using restriction enzyme
  2. Introduction of the gene from the first organism to the plasmid of the chosen organism using DNA ligase
    lysis -> rupture (if it has phages) -> spread of DNA
40
Q

Used on the kidney, liver, and pancreas

A

Antibiotics

41
Q
  • DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another using a virus
  • Also refers to the process where foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector
A

Transduction

42
Q
  • Virus inserts its tail (piles) into another to spread DNA
  • Phage inserts
  • Ruptures or undergoes lysis, spreading DNA
A

Conjugation

43
Q

Antibiotic: __________
Vaccine: ________

A

Antibiotic: Bacteria
Vaccine: Virus

44
Q

steps in transduction:

A
  1. Viral DNA is injected to a host bacterium
  2. Bacterium replicates both its DNA fragments as well as the viral DNA copies
  3. Bacterium releases the virus containing the bacterial DNA
  4. Bacterial DNA from the other cell in injected into the chosen organism
  5. Homologous recombination occurs, where bacterial DNA combines with the chromosomal DNA of the chosen organism
45
Q
  • Use of high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells
  • 100 volts creates a pore (opening) in the bilayer (porous opening)
  • Usually used in monocot plant cells
A

Electroporation

46
Q
  • Semi-permeable
  • Selective
  • Composed of phospholipid bilayer (heads and tails)
A

Cell Membrane

47
Q

Head - __________
Tails - ___________

A

Head - Hydrophilic
Tails - Hydrophobic

48
Q

steps in electroporation:

A
  1. Protoplast is harvested from a plant cell
  2. DNA with gene of interest is inserted into the protoplast using the high voltage shocks
  3. DNA goes inside the plant cell and produces the plant cell with the new gene
49
Q
  • Foreign nucleic acids are delivered into a eukaryotic cell to modify the host cell’s genetic make up
  • Usually done on eukaryotic cells
  • Naturally occuring
  • Gene therapy (corrects genetic disorders)
  • Can be Stable (Integration of DNA) or Transient (No integration occurs but uses both DNA and mRNA)
A

Transfection

50
Q

Short term, no trait

A

Transient

51
Q

Long term

A

Stable

52
Q
  • Tungsten (W) - Wolfram
  • Direct physical method (fast moving) of gene delivery
  • Introduction of nucleic acids to cells
  • DNA is coated with gold particles to propel sample cell with the use of Helium
  • Expensive
  • Tendency to damage the cell
  • Inaccurate (cannot target the nucleus
  • Device used to transfect cells with foreign DNA
  • Bombards the target cells with DNA-coated microparticles
A

Biolistics “Gene Gun”

53
Q

steps in Biolistics “Gene Gun”:

A
  1. Helium gas fills the chamber
  2. Helium propels the DNA-coated gold particles towards the screen
  3. DNA-coated gold particles are propelled through the screen into the target cells
54
Q
  • DNA is literally injected directly into the nucleus of a cell
  • Applicable to animal cells (oocytes)
  • Plant cells have cell walls
  • In Vitro fertilization
A

Microinjection

55
Q

Bigger cell

A

Oocytes

56
Q

Plants that have been genetically engineered using a breeding approach the uses recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteristics

A

Transgenic Plants

57
Q

Genetically manipulated animal whose genome has been altered by gene transfer or genes from another species/breed

A

Transgenic Animals

58
Q
  • Father of Genetics
    -Introduced the Mendelian Laws of Inheritance
A

Gregor Mendell

59
Q

Seen traits (expressed)

A

Phenotype

60
Q

Genes (unseen)

A

Genotype

61
Q
  • Used to find out how long a contaminant is
  • Jellyfish
A

Glofish (Glow Fish)

62
Q
  • Get rid of pests and dirt
  • T.P corn
A

Maize (B.T. corn)

63
Q
  • Vector (Source of plasmid)
  • Simple organism, easy to penetrate the membrane
  • Separates by binary fission
A

Prokaryotic Cell (Bacteria)

64
Q

What does B.T. mean

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

65
Q

Bacteria eating virus

A

Bacteriophage

66
Q

Scientists in Mouse embryo:(2)

A

Rudolph Jaenisch
Beatrice Mintz

GR12 Alessandra's 1st Quarter (22 decks)

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