PR 2| WEEK 1-2

Question 1

It is a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions
about the presumed relations among natural phenomena (Kerlinger,1973).

Answer 1

Research

Question 2

systematic or step by step investigation of observable phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data (numbers) and performing statistical, mathematical or
computational techniques.

results are in the form of numbers which were gathered from selected respondents
through on line surveys, online polls, questionnaires, etc.

Answer 2

Quantitative Research

Question 3

test of hypothesis
look at cause and effect
make predictions
To seek common, representative features

Answer 3

purpose

Question 4

Large and randomly selected samples to produce generalizable results.

The respondents are randomly selected (Equal chance of each member of a population to
be selected as one of the respondents) using the appropriate sampling technique.
Ex. 185 respondents were randomly chosen to participate in the study

Answer 4

samples

Question 5

Only the representative or part of the entire population will participate in the study
by determining the sample size.
Ex. Out of 348 populations in Sitio A, only 185 respondents were randomly
selected to represent the entire population in the conduct of the study. The sample
size was determined using the simple random technique (fishbowl method)

Answer 5

Criteria to identify respondents

Question 6

 Systematic- done in a step by step manner
 The conduct of the study is organized.
Ex. Before performing the laboratory experiment, the researcher should see to it that
the problem is well defined, the hypothesis to be tested is clear, the related literature
is available and reliable, the materials needed are feasible, etc. so that smooth
conduct of the study will be achieved.

Answer 6

Design of method

Question 7

Number and statistics-descriptive data are given corresponding numerical values.

Answer 7

Type of data collected

Question 8

Structured response category approach
 Choices are already given for the respondents to choose from like that of a Likert Scale.

Answer 8

Data collection approach

Question 9

Quantitative data are collected based on precise measurements using
structured and validated data-collection instruments.

The data collected are in the form of numbers since textual descriptions were
given numerical values.

Answer 9

Form of data collected

Question 10

Their biases are not known to the participants in the study, and participant
characteristics are hidden from the researcher.

The researcher is not aware of who will be the respondents of the study. He/ She is just
aware of the group and number of respondents who will participate but not with the
specific individuals.

Answer 10

Role of the researcher

Question 11

Uninvolved observer, results are objective

Answer 11

Research independence

Question 12

Generalizable findings that can be applied to other populations
Ex. The result of the study conducted to 185 respondents can be true to 348 total
members of the population

Answer 12

Results

Question 13

Use of the same instruments to different subjects and venue
Ex. Research instrument used to determine the attitude of STEM students towards Math can
be used to ABM students to measure also their attitude towards Math.

Answer 13

Replicability

Question 14

Based on direct experience or observation.
The data gathered are from actual conduct of the study, not from theory or logic.
Ex. Joy conducted a study on the attitude of G11 ABM students towards Math. Whatever
data will be gathered by Joy will be used in analyzing, finding the result, and drawing
conclusion.

Answer 14

Empirical

Question 15

Unbiased
Ex. During the distribution and answering of the instrument, the researcher should not
influence the respondents with his/her personal feelings or opinions by convincing the
respondents to answer what the researcher wants

Answer 15

Objective

Question 16

Variables being studied are within the scope of the study.
Ex. If Joy’s study is about the attitude of ABM students towards Math, she should focus only
on the attitude towards Math. No need to include other variables like difficulties
encountered, academic performance and others.

Answer 16

Controlled

Question 17

Utilize proven analytical procedures.
Ex. In analyzing the data gathered by Joy in her study, she can use appropriate statistical
tools like mean, or standard deviation in order to come up with the correct result/answer to
the research questions.

Answer 17

Analytical

Question 18

Done in an orderly manner.
Ex. In conducting research, Joy followed correct and reliable procedure to come up with
precise and accurate result

Answer 18

Logical/Systematic

Question 19

Exhibits careful and precise judgment
Ex. After thorough analysis of data gathered, Joy came up with the result of the study. She
drew conclusion and made some recommendations based on the results and not from theory.

Answer 19

Critical

Question 20

Research starts with a problem and ends in a problem.
Ex. At the beginning, Joy came up with a research gap/ problem that she wanted to find
solution. After conducting the experiment, finding the result, drawing conclusion, and
making some recommendations, another problem arises that needed to be solved.

Answer 20

Cyclical

Question 21


1. It can be REPLICATED or repeated in other contexts.
Conducting a previous study to the present with the same methodology but
with different subjects or respondents”

2. It provides findings that are GENERALIZABLE to large population.
The results do not only represent the samples but also the population at a larger
scale.

3. It can establish CAUSALITY more conclusively.
It looks at the connections between variables (independent and dependent) and
establishes unquestionable cause and effect relationships.
 Independent variable- cause variable/being manipulated
 Dependent variable- effect variable/ being measured

4. It can MAKE PREDICTIONS based on numerical, quantifiable data.
It can create forecasts based on the data gathered expressed in numbers
and not from a theory.

Data analysis using statistical software is faster.
Analysis of data can be done by using computer software such as SPSS or
PASW.
Data-gathering techniques are typically less demanding compared with
those in qualitative research.
Data gathering can be done simultaneously to the selected respondents of
the study. Common quantitative methods in data collection are used
like telephone interviews, online surveys, etc.

5. It has a LOW DEGREE OF SUBJECTIVITY.
Respondents are randomly selected to avoid bias. The researcher
should remain neutral as possible and distanced from what he/she studies so
findings depend on the nature of what was studied rather than on the
personality, belief and values of the researcher.

6. Its VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY CAN BE MEASURED.

Answer 21

STRENGTHS of Quantitative Research

Question 22

1.It cannot adequately provide in-depth information necessary for describing
and explaining a complex phenomenon.
Since the questionnaire and responses are structured or given already, no
further explanation is required to justify the chosen answer of the respondent.
2. It lacks the ability to provide a comprehensive textual description of human
experiences.
Quantitative research focuses on collected data and findings that are in the form
of numbers about a specific phenomenon from potential respondents.
3.Numerical data may be insufficient in analyzing intangible factors, such as gender
roles, socioeconomic status, and social norms of a given population.
Numbers are not enough to analyze some factors especially those intangible or
those which cannot be touched like feelings or emotions.
4. It has less flexibility in terms of study design
5.Responses of participants are strictly limited to what has been asked. These
responses may not be extensive in some cases.
Responses are based only on what is provided in the questionnaire.
6.Self-reported data may not be very accurate as respondents may have the tendency
to underestimate or overestimate their skills and behavior during self-assessment
tasks.
The manner of gauging or appraising themselves honestly and accurately is
hampered due to personal reasons. Thus, respondents should be informed of the
high degree of confidentiality of the information and the importance of the
information they divulged.

Answer 22

WEAKNESSES of Quantitative Research

Question 23

Kinds of Quantitative Research(6)

Answer 23

• Survey Research
• Descriptive Research
• Correlational Research
• Ex post facto(Causal-comparative Research)
• Quasi-experimental Research
• Experimental Research

Question 24

most fundamental research tool

used to ask questions to a sample of respondents, using various
types such as online polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires,
web-intercept surveys, etc.

an organization can ask multiple survey questions, collect data from
a pool of customers and analyze this collected data to produce
numerical results

It is important that the people questioned are sampled at random.
This allows for more accurate findings across a greater spectrum of
respondents.

Answer 24

Survey Research

Question 25

 Used to determine the extent or direction of attitudes or
behaviors
 Gathers more information on certain characteristics within
a particular field of study
 Use of rating scales and other means to measure the
variables as they occur
 Provides a picture of a situation as it naturally happens
 May be used to develop theories, identify problems with a
current practice, justify current practices, aid in making
professional judgments or determine what other
practitioners in
similar situations are doing.

Answer 25

Descriptive Research

Question 26

Goal: To determine the nature of relationship between variables
without looking into the cause.
Characteristics:
 Used to investigate the direction and magnitude of relationships
among variables in a particular population.
 Correlation, association, relationship

Answer 26

Correlational Research

Question 27

 Mainly depends on the factor of comparison
 The independent variable is established but not manipulated and its
impact on the dependent variable is observed.
 Conducted irrespective of the type of relation that exists between two
or more variables.
 Variables or groups must be formed as they exist in the natural set up.
 The dependent and independent variables will always exist in a group
For example, a researcher is interested in how weight influences self-esteem levels in
adults.
So the participants would be separated into differing groups (underweight, normal
weight, overweight) and their self- esteem levels measured. This is an ex post facto
because a pre-existing characteristic (weight) was used to form the groups.

Answer 27

Ex post facto(Causal-comparative Research)

Question 28

Respondents are not randomly assigned; Intact
(established) groups are used.
 Provides limited conclusiveness in establishing causal
relationship between variables
 Match-paired is a form of quasi-experimental
assignment of subjects.
Variables: At least one variable is manipulated to
determine the effect of the
manipulation.
Experimental Manipulation: Experimental
manipulation may have limited use.

Answer 28

Quasi-experimental Research

Question 29

Also known as true experimentation, this research method is
reliant on a theory/ies.
 Analysis is done around proving or disproving the statement.
This research method is used in natural sciences.
 There can be multiple theories in experimental research. A
theory is a statement which can be verified or refuted.

Intact groups are not used; Individual subjects are randomly
assigned to the treatment and control groups.

 The random assignment of individual subject provides more
conclusiveness as to the causal relationships between the
variables.

Answer 29

Experimental Research

Question 30

 Any element or entity which can be measured for quantity or quality.
 In conducting a research study, it is important to identify the variables or factors that affect the study.

Answer 30

VARIABLE

Question 31

 A variable is defined as a quantity susceptible of fluctuation or change in value
or magnitude under different conditions.
 Can be measured numerically.
 A “target measurement” or “outcome” of your problem statement.

Answer 31

QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES

Question 32

Two Types of Quantitative Variables:

Answer 32

Discrete variables
Continuous variables

Question 33

can be counted; denoted by positive whole numbers and not described in ranges.
Ex.: frequency of behavior and group sizes; number of children in the family; number of absences in the workplace; number of tardiness in the class.

Answer 33

Discrete variables

Question 34

measured in ranges; can be denoted by non-whole numbers; can have positive or negative values; can be expressed in fractions.

Answer 34

Continuous variables

Question 35

Two types of continuous variable
,

Answer 35

Interval variables
Ratio variables

Question 36

The difference between two points on a scale is the same. Can have a negative value.
i. Ex. Test scores in range, temperature in Fahrenheit

Answer 36

Interval variables

Question 37

are a special type of continuous variable; can’t have a negative value. Zero means none of that variable.
i. Ex.: age, height, weight, distance, and test scores.

Answer 37

Ratio variables

Question 38

Referred to as categorical variables despite lacking numerical values, these variables can still be used in quantitative research by assigning values to specificvcategories or groups (e.g., blood type, color)

Answer 38

QUALITATIVE VARIABLES

Question 39

Three types of categorical variables:

Answer 39

1. Dichotomous(binary) variables
2. Nominal variables
3. Ordinal variables

Question 40

are those that have two distinct categories or values.
Ex.: “yes/no question”.

Answer 40

Dichotomous(binary) variables

Question 41

are those variables with more than two categories.
Ex.: hair color, marital status, blood type, mode of transportation, source of income, and citizenship.

Answer 41

Nominal variables

Question 42

are variables that exhibit the characteristics of both quantitative
and qualitative types;
i. has values that can be ranked or ordered;
ii. These values can be numerical or can be arranged into specific non-numerical classes. Ex.:
frequency is described as rare, seldom, sometimes, almost always, or always; values of
ratings are denoted as A+, A, B+, or B; and high, medium, & low.

Answer 42

Ordinal variables

Question 43

Levels of Measurement:
(4)

Answer 43

Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
Interval scale
Ratio scale

Question 44

denotes qualitative attributes of the variables.
There are no numbers associated with these variables because they are categories or classification.
Ex. Religion, favorite movie, and brand of shirt

Answer 44

Nominal Scale

Question 45

refers to the order or rank of a measurement. It is best used when measuring non-numerical concepts like happiness or satisfaction. However, ordinal scales are
limited in the sense that the difference between each measurement cannot be quantified.
Ex. size of shirt and level of depression
l

Answer 45

Ordinal scale

Question 46

are numerical scales in which the exact difference between two values is known. It is often used to account for the differences between each value. Researchers oftentimes construct or devise equal-interval scales of measurement for opinions and attitudes. This is done so that data obtained from equal – interval scales can be subjected to statistical procedures such as calculating means and standard deviations.
Ex. Test scores in range and age in range

Answer 46

Interval Scale

Question 47

• has the properties of nominal, ordinal, and interval scales. It also possesses a true zero scale. A true zero is the point where none of the qualities being measured exists.
  Ratio scales can be meaningfully added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided. A wide array
  of statistical procedures can be applied to ratio data such as the calculation of mean,
  median, and standard.
  Ex. height, weight, and distance

Answer 47

Ratio Scale

Question 48

VARIABLES classification according to purpose or role evident in Experimental Research

Answer 48

1. Independent Variable
2. Dependent Variable

Question 49

This is the stimulus variable which is chosen by the researcher to determine the relationship to an observed phenomenon.
 The variable consider to affect the dependent variable (cause).

Answer 49

Independent Variable

Question 50

This is the response variable which is observed and measured to determine the
effect of the independent variable.
 The variable examined for changes (effect)

Answer 50

. Dependent Variable

Question 51

OTHER TYPES OF VARIABLES(5)

Answer 51

Moderator
Control
Intervening
Extraneous
Confounding

Question 52

This is a secondary or special type of independent variable chosen by
the researcher to determine if it changes or modifies the relationship between
the independent and dependent variables.

Answer 52

Moderator Variable

Question 53

. This is the variable that is controlled by the investigator in which the
effects can be neutralized by eliminating or removing the variable.

Answer 53

Control Variable

Question 54

This is a variable which interferes with the independent and dependent
variables, but its effects can either strengthen or weaken the independent and dependent
variables.

Answer 54

Intervening Variable

Question 55

It is not categorized as IV or DV in a study. It is the undesired
variable that can influence the results of an experiment. Know these variables in the
study to lessen its effect.

Answer 55

Extraneous Variable

Question 56

It is a special type of extraneous variable that the researcher fails to
control and threatens the validity of an experiment’s procedure. It might have a
relationship with the DV not the IV.

Answer 56

Confounding Variable