U.2 METHODS OF SCIENCE Flashcards
The work of a scientist have two areas:
- PRIVATE AREA
- PUBLIC AREA
What is the cycle of production and comsuption of publications?
- Base your studies on previous work
- Read these studies
- Do new research and form their results, and publish.
Meritocracy was proposo by?
ROBERT.K MERTON
In meritocracy scientist try to be recognize by their colleguies by:
- Relevance of their inquiries
- Relevance of the posed questions
- Accuracy of the methodology
- Precision of the results
Organized skepticism says that:
All results have to be put into question. They are provisional and obtein public recognition and social consensus
What are the problems of organized excepticisim?
- New theories are difficult to accept
- Easier to accept the theories of prestigiuos scientitist.
- Most knowledge is theoretical or discarted
What is the name of the effect that afect women in science because the are considered less capable or their studies less valid?
MATILDA EFFECT
Information about the world IS NAME…
DATA
The theories base on data is named..
EXPLANATIONS
What are the two tipes of scientific reasoning ?
- INDUCTION (Observation –> Explanatory principles)
- DEDUCTION (Observation <–Explanatory principles)
Data comes from …
perception
Data reveals…
information about nature
What are the requirements of data:
- Relatable
- Inter-subjective
- Exchangeable
What do we use due to impersonal nature…
Third person
TYPES OF DATA:
- QUALITATIVE DATA
- QUANTITATIVE DATA
What are the teo methods for observating data?
- INDUCTIVE METHOD
- DEDUCTIVE METHOD
In the inductive method
- Naked observation
- Instruments for observation
- Passive
- Mantein nature conditions
In the deductive method
- Not spontanous events
- Formulation of a hypothesis, experimentation and empirical validation
- Trial and error
CIRCLE OF RESEARCH
–> PROBLEM –> HYPOTHESIS AND COMPARATION –> VERIFICATION OR FALSIFICATION –>
The joint presentation of nature events are..
types and patterns
Statements that express functional relationships between variables, statistical correlations, or universal traits are..
LAWS
Systematic explanations that refer to a field of nature and coherently organize a set of laws are…
THEORIES
Simplifications of reality based on certain hypotheses considered to be reasonable are…
MODELS AND REPRESENTATIONS
Science produces true knowledge from objective facts that are revealed to good observers, free from prejudices, by senses this is said by?
NAïVE INDUCTIVISM:
Scientific positivism
Scientific knowledge is built from..
observation and experimentation
The inductive method postulate…
-Science start with observation
-Observation offers a secure foundation for science knowledge
-Objective and valis
-Verification came by repeating the observation
-Theories come through observation and experimentation
-Scientific knowledge is trustworthy knowledge because it is objectively proven knowledge
The inconsistencies of the inductive method are…
- Subjective observation
- Logical impossibility of generalization
- The difficulty in forming observational statements
The observational statements are express in..
the language of a theory.
In the inductive method the theory guides…
Observation and experimentation.
Types of instruments:
- PASSIVE (Measuring observations)
- ACTIVE (Creates new events)
Problems of the instruments?
Tacit knowledge - accepting that all instruments have an error margin.
Who talk about falsifiability?
Karl Popper
What did Karl Popper said?
Observation is guided by theory, and there is not and absolute verification of a law is impossible. Proposes that theories that do not overcome observational and experimental tests be eliminated (refutation) and replaced by other more credible conjectures.
The Kuhn Cycle
PARADIGM - Made up of supposed general theories of the laws and techniques adopted by members of a scientific community. The paradigm establishes the rules needed to legitimize scientific works
NORMAL SCIENCE - Made up of prevailing paradigms in the field of science. Paradigms make sense in a specific historical moment
CRISIS - Coming from research within normal science. Appears when new observations do not fit inside the paradigm. Suppose questioning the paradigm due to the accumulation of anomalies.
REVOLUTION - When the paradigm weakens and nobody trusts it, ‘revolution is the result. This causes a change in the paradigm. The new paradigm is different and incompatible with the former. In the long term, a new normal science is created and consolidated.
REGIMES OF KNOWLEDGE
- Science is articulated on social media
- Interdependence of aspects influencing science
- Historical transformation that allow for regulation and legitimization with multiple rationales.
