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DOCUMENTACIÓN Y METODOLOGÍA CIENTIFICA > U.2 METHODS OF SCIENCE > Flashcards

U.2 METHODS OF SCIENCE Flashcards

1
Q

The work of a scientist have two areas:

A
  1. PRIVATE AREA
  2. PUBLIC AREA
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2
Q

What is the cycle of production and comsuption of publications?

A
  1. Base your studies on previous work
  2. Read these studies
  3. Do new research and form their results, and publish.
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3
Q

Meritocracy was proposo by?

A

ROBERT.K MERTON

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4
Q

In meritocracy scientist try to be recognize by their colleguies by:

A
  1. Relevance of their inquiries
  2. Relevance of the posed questions
  3. Accuracy of the methodology
  4. Precision of the results
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5
Q

Organized skepticism says that:

A

All results have to be put into question. They are provisional and obtein public recognition and social consensus

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6
Q

What are the problems of organized excepticisim?

A
  1. New theories are difficult to accept
  2. Easier to accept the theories of prestigiuos scientitist.
  3. Most knowledge is theoretical or discarted
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7
Q

What is the name of the effect that afect women in science because the are considered less capable or their studies less valid?

A

MATILDA EFFECT

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8
Q

Information about the world IS NAME…

A

DATA

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9
Q

The theories base on data is named..

A

EXPLANATIONS

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10
Q

What are the two tipes of scientific reasoning ?

A
  1. INDUCTION (Observation –> Explanatory principles)
  2. DEDUCTION (Observation <–Explanatory principles)
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11
Q

Data comes from …

A

perception

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12
Q

Data reveals…

A

information about nature

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13
Q

What are the requirements of data:

A
  1. Relatable
  2. Inter-subjective
  3. Exchangeable
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14
Q

What do we use due to impersonal nature…

A

Third person

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15
Q

TYPES OF DATA:

A
  1. QUALITATIVE DATA
  2. QUANTITATIVE DATA
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16
Q

What are the teo methods for observating data?

A
  1. INDUCTIVE METHOD
  2. DEDUCTIVE METHOD
17
Q

In the inductive method

A
  • Naked observation
  • Instruments for observation
  • Passive
  • Mantein nature conditions
18
Q

In the deductive method

A
  • Not spontanous events
  • Formulation of a hypothesis, experimentation and empirical validation
  • Trial and error
19
Q

CIRCLE OF RESEARCH

A

–> PROBLEM –> HYPOTHESIS AND COMPARATION –> VERIFICATION OR FALSIFICATION –>

20
Q

The joint presentation of nature events are..

A

types and patterns

21
Q

Statements that express functional relationships between variables, statistical correlations, or universal traits are..

A

LAWS

22
Q

Systematic explanations that refer to a field of nature and coherently organize a set of laws are…

A

THEORIES

23
Q

Simplifications of reality based on certain hypotheses considered to be reasonable are…

A

MODELS AND REPRESENTATIONS

24
Q

Science produces true knowledge from objective facts that are revealed to good observers, free from prejudices, by senses this is said by?

A

NAïVE INDUCTIVISM:
Scientific positivism

25
Q

Scientific knowledge is built from..

A

observation and experimentation

26
Q

The inductive method postulate…

A

-Science start with observation
-Observation offers a secure foundation for science knowledge
-Objective and valis
-Verification came by repeating the observation
-Theories come through observation and experimentation
-Scientific knowledge is trustworthy knowledge because it is objectively proven knowledge

27
Q

The inconsistencies of the inductive method are…

A
  • Subjective observation
  • Logical impossibility of generalization
  • The difficulty in forming observational statements
28
Q

The observational statements are express in..

A

the language of a theory.

29
Q

In the inductive method the theory guides…

A

Observation and experimentation.

30
Q

Types of instruments:

A
  1. PASSIVE (Measuring observations)
  2. ACTIVE (Creates new events)
31
Q

Problems of the instruments?

A

Tacit knowledge - accepting that all instruments have an error margin.

32
Q

Who talk about falsifiability?

A

Karl Popper

33
Q

What did Karl Popper said?

A

Observation is guided by theory, and there is not and absolute verification of a law is impossible. Proposes that theories that do not overcome observational and experimental tests be eliminated (refutation) and replaced by other more credible conjectures.

34
Q

The Kuhn Cycle

A

PARADIGM - Made up of supposed general theories of the laws and techniques adopted by members of a scientific community. The paradigm establishes the rules needed to legitimize scientific works

NORMAL SCIENCE - Made up of prevailing paradigms in the field of science. Paradigms make sense in a specific historical moment

CRISIS - Coming from research within normal science. Appears when new observations do not fit inside the paradigm. Suppose questioning the paradigm due to the accumulation of anomalies.

REVOLUTION - When the paradigm weakens and nobody trusts it, ‘revolution is the result. This causes a change in the paradigm. The new paradigm is different and incompatible with the former. In the long term, a new normal science is created and consolidated.

35
Q

REGIMES OF KNOWLEDGE

A
  • Science is articulated on social media
  • Interdependence of aspects influencing science
  • Historical transformation that allow for regulation and legitimization with multiple rationales.

DOCUMENTACIÓN Y METODOLOGÍA CIENTIFICA (14 decks)

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