U.2 METHODS OF SCIENCE

Question 1

The work of a scientist have two areas:

Answer 1

1. PRIVATE AREA
2. PUBLIC AREA

Question 2

What is the cycle of production and comsuption of publications?

Answer 2

1. Base your studies on previous work
2. Read these studies
3. Do new research and form their results, and publish.

Question 3

Meritocracy was proposo by?

Answer 3

ROBERT.K MERTON

Question 4

In meritocracy scientist try to be recognize by their colleguies by:

Answer 4

1. Relevance of their inquiries
2. Relevance of the posed questions
3. Accuracy of the methodology
4. Precision of the results

Question 5

Organized skepticism says that:

Answer 5

All results have to be put into question. They are provisional and obtein public recognition and social consensus

Question 6

What are the problems of organized excepticisim?

Answer 6

1. New theories are difficult to accept
2. Easier to accept the theories of prestigiuos scientitist.
3. Most knowledge is theoretical or discarted

Question 7

What is the name of the effect that afect women in science because the are considered less capable or their studies less valid?

Answer 7

MATILDA EFFECT

Question 8

Information about the world IS NAME…

Answer 8

DATA

Question 9

The theories base on data is named..

Answer 9

EXPLANATIONS

Question 10

What are the two tipes of scientific reasoning ?

Answer 10

1. INDUCTION (Observation –> Explanatory principles)
2. DEDUCTION (Observation <–Explanatory principles)

Question 11

Data comes from …

Answer 11

perception

Question 12

Data reveals…

Answer 12

information about nature

Question 13

What are the requirements of data:

Answer 13

1. Relatable
2. Inter-subjective
3. Exchangeable

Question 14

What do we use due to impersonal nature…

Answer 14

Third person

Question 15

TYPES OF DATA:

Answer 15

1. QUALITATIVE DATA
2. QUANTITATIVE DATA

Question 16

What are the teo methods for observating data?

Answer 16

1. INDUCTIVE METHOD
2. DEDUCTIVE METHOD

Question 17

In the inductive method

Answer 17

• Naked observation
• Instruments for observation
• Passive
• Mantein nature conditions

Question 18

In the deductive method

Answer 18

• Not spontanous events
• Formulation of a hypothesis, experimentation and empirical validation
• Trial and error

Question 19

CIRCLE OF RESEARCH

Answer 19

–> PROBLEM –> HYPOTHESIS AND COMPARATION –> VERIFICATION OR FALSIFICATION –>

Question 20

The joint presentation of nature events are..

Answer 20

types and patterns

Question 21

Statements that express functional relationships between variables, statistical correlations, or universal traits are..

Answer 21

LAWS

Question 22

Systematic explanations that refer to a field of nature and coherently organize a set of laws are…

Answer 22

THEORIES

Question 23

Simplifications of reality based on certain hypotheses considered to be reasonable are…

Answer 23

MODELS AND REPRESENTATIONS

Question 24

Science produces true knowledge from objective facts that are revealed to good observers, free from prejudices, by senses this is said by?

Answer 24

NAïVE INDUCTIVISM:
Scientific positivism

Question 25

Scientific knowledge is built from..

Answer 25

observation and experimentation

Question 26

The inductive method postulate...

Answer 26

-Science start with observation -Observation offers a secure foundation for science knowledge -Objective and valis -Verification came by repeating the observation -Theories come through observation and experimentation -Scientific knowledge is trustworthy knowledge because it is objectively proven knowledge

Question 27

The inconsistencies of the inductive method are...

Answer 27

- Subjective observation - Logical impossibility of generalization - The difficulty in forming observational statements

Question 28

The observational statements are express in..

Answer 28

the language of a theory.

Question 29

In the inductive method the theory guides...

Answer 29

Observation and experimentation.

Question 30

Types of instruments:

Answer 30

1. PASSIVE (Measuring observations) 2. ACTIVE (Creates new events)

Question 31

Problems of the instruments?

Answer 31

Tacit knowledge - accepting that all instruments have an error margin.

Question 32

Who talk about falsifiability?

Answer 32

Karl Popper

Question 33

What did Karl Popper said?

Answer 33

Observation is guided by theory, and there is not and absolute verification of a law is impossible. Proposes that theories that do not overcome observational and experimental tests be eliminated (refutation) and replaced by other more credible conjectures.

Question 34

The Kuhn Cycle

Answer 34

PARADIGM - Made up of supposed general theories of the laws and techniques adopted by members of a scientific community. The paradigm establishes the rules needed to legitimize scientific works NORMAL SCIENCE - Made up of prevailing paradigms in the field of science. Paradigms make sense in a specific historical moment CRISIS - Coming from research within normal science. Appears when new observations do not fit inside the paradigm. Suppose questioning the paradigm due to the accumulation of anomalies. REVOLUTION - When the paradigm weakens and nobody trusts it, ‘revolution is the result. This causes a change in the paradigm. The new paradigm is different and incompatible with the former. In the long term, a new normal science is created and consolidated.

Question 35

REGIMES OF KNOWLEDGE

Answer 35

- Science is articulated on social media - Interdependence of aspects influencing science - Historical transformation that allow for regulation and legitimization with multiple rationales.