U13 SCIENCE, MEDICINE AND TECHNOLOGY

Question 1

What is the concept of morbid species?

Answer 1

The symptoms of the illness

Question 2

What is the morbid species caused by?

Answer 2

An anatomical lesion

Question 3

In the renaissance they

Answer 3

opened bodies of those who died and did anatomy on them

Question 4

What were the 2 objectives covered by diagnosis?

Answer 4

• Determination of the morbid species
• Establishment of the AL (anatomic lesion) causing it

Question 5

What were the consequences of the practices made in Renaissance?

Answer 5

• Autopsy as evidence of good diagnosis in clinical practice
• New intention with autopsies and new attitude towards AL (anatomic lesion)

Question 6

What was the anatomo-clinical mentality?

Answer 6

the central and basic reality of the disease consists on finding the AL that determines it

Question 7

What was the best approach for turning medical knowledge into a true science?

Answer 7

The scientific knowledge of anatomical lesions

Question 8

What were the 2 key points of the symptomatic picture in the Renaissance?

Answer 8

• The ‘functional deficit’ derived from the AL
• The ‘reaction’ of the organism to the AL

Question 9

Between what two things was there a systematic relationship that came with the change in diagnostic and use of instruments?

Answer 9

Between clinical observation of patients and anatomic lessions found at autopsy

Question 10

Until well into the 19th C…

Answer 10

medicine depended on practical experience and not on laboratory knowledge

Question 11

What is the pathophysiological mentality?

Answer 11

disease as a dynamic disorder of functions

Question 12

What helped the developmentof scietnfic explanation?

Answer 12

Physics and Chemistry

Question 13

Diseases were studied as

Answer 13

energetic (physical) or material (chemicals) processes

Question 14

What is clinical thermometry?

Answer 14

Systematic study of the evolution of temperature in different diseases

Question 15

Chemical pathology?

Answer 15

Detection of a disease before the observable symptoms appear

Question 16

Bacteriology?

Answer 16

▪ First description of bacteria
▪ Emergence of the term ‘microbe’
▪ First classifications of bacteria
▪Discovery of spores and their role in spontaneous generation

Question 17

What is the etiopathological approach?

Answer 17

disease as external aggression by microorganisms

Question 18

General theory of infectious disease?

Answer 18

The microorganism must be:
- found in abundance in all organisms that suffer the disease, but not in healthy organisms
- able to be isolated in a diseased organism and cultivated in vitro
- isolated from the inoculated experimental host and identified as identical to the origina

• The microorganism produced in vitro must cause the disease when introduced into a healthy organism

Question 19

What does the technification of medicine consist on?

Answer 19

• Growing subordination of the patient to health technologies and medicalization of natural phenomena
• Tendency to over-diagnosis
• Medical knowledge and technology are never politically and culturally neutral
• The indiscriminate use of diagnostic and therapeutic technologies is having an obvious impact on health costs and the sustainability of public health care system
• There has been an expropriation of health driven by economic interests and health professionals

Question 20

What did the social and sanitary impact entail?

Answer 20

• It provided a scientific explination for the mechanism of contagion and encouraged the development of contemporary epidemiology
• Prompted a marked change of focus in therapeutics
• Encouraged the adoption of antisepsis measures, the discovery of drugs, and the development of effective biological resources to prevent infectious diseases

Question 21

About Galenism as a medical approach, ideas, scenario, practices and instrument involved?

Answer 21

ideas: humor alteration
scenario: home, hospital rarely
practices:pulse, uroscopy, speculation
instruments: senses

Question 22

About anatomoclinical as a medical approach, ideas, scenario, practices and instrument involved?

Answer 22

ideas: morbous species and anatomical lesson
scenario: hospital
practices: autopsy, symptoms observation
instruments: stethosope

Question 23

About physiopathological as a medical approach, ideas, scenario, practices and instrument involved?

Answer 23

ideas: disease as malfunction
scenario: laboratory
practices: physical and chemical analysis
instruments: thermometer

Question 24

About etiopathological as a medical approach, ideas, scenario, practices and instrument involved?

Answer 24

ideas: disease as infection
scenario: laboratory
practices: microbiology
instruments: microscopy

Question 25

About tecnification as a medical approach, ideas, scenario, practices and instrument involved?

Answer 25

ideas: specialized and divided
scenario: laboratory/ big hospitals/specialized room
practices: multiple
instruments: complex machines