U1 LEC: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND TAXONOMY Flashcards
Microbiology
Systematic study of organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye
Microbiology involves the study of:
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Parasites
- Fungi
Bacteria
Prokaryotes, Non-fastidious and fastidious
This refers to bacteria with no special requirements.
Non-fastidious
This refers to bacteria with special requirements or conditions.
Fastidious
Viruses
Bacteriophages, Virophages
They are either DNA or RNA.
Virus
T/F: Viruses can never be both DNA and RNA organisms.
True
T/F: Viruses are not classified as living nor dead.
True
Viruses require what to replicate?
Host
This has no active biochemical processes, and is found outside or not attached to the cell.
Virion
Where and how does the virion activate its biochemical processes?
Inside the cell, production of viral proteins
Parasites
Protozoans, Metazoans
Unicellular parasite
Protozoan
Multicellular parasite
Metazoan
Fungi
Biofilms
This is an emerging trend of study for the last 10 years.
Biofilms
Arrange the order of what a biofilm-producing bacteria produces
I. Slime layer
II. Single layer
III. Community
II, I, III
This refers to thickening of the colonies or added protection for bacteria. This layer may accumulate organic and inorganic debris, trap bacteria, parasites, etc.
Slime layer
Biofilms are problematic in the administration of ______ due to lack of penetrating power.
Antimicrobials
Example of biofilm-producing bacteria
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida spp.
Why do we study microbes?
- Etiologic agent
- Pathologic outcomes
- Interventions
- Antimicrobials
- Industrial outcomes
Etiologic agent refers to?
Origin of disease or causative agent
Pathologic outcomes refer to?
manifestations of symptoms in different organ systems
Interventions refer to?
action applied
Antimicrobials refer to?
antibiotics
Industrial outcomes refer to?
How it translates to industry
Bacteria used in the industry and for what?
Escherichia coli for insulin (undergoes sterilization)
1st antimicrobial
Penicillin (from Penicillum)
T/F: Some antimicrobials are isolated from the genera of bacteria.
True
Girolamo Fracastoro
suggested that disease is caused by “invisible living creatures”
He suggested that disease is caused by “invisible living creatures”
Girolamo Fracastoro
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology, observe microorganisms and describe them as “animalcules”
Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
How did Anton van Leeuwenhoek describe microorganisms?
animalcules
Louis Pasteur
- Father of Modern Microbiology
- Pasteurization
- Disproved Spontaneous Generation
- Proponent of Biogenesis
- Creation of Attenuated Vaccines
- Fermentation
Microscopic talks about?
Shape
Circle shaped
Cocci
Rod shaped
Bacillus
Spiral shaped
Spirulum
Chains
Strep
Cluster
Staphy
T/F: Bacteria has no color.
True
It adapts the color of the stain.
This refers to when the bacteria took color from media.
Colony color
This refers to the natural pigmentation or color.
Colony pigment
Under fermentation are?
- Bacterial replication
- Antimicrobial control
- Host microorganism interaction
Joseph Lister
developed antiseptic system of surgery
He developed antiseptic system of surgery.
Joseph Lister
Importance of Antiseptic technique
- to not contaminate the environment
- clean, sterilized equipment
Two kinds of contaminants
- Environmental
- Commensals/natural flora (arrest overgrowth of pathogenic)
T/F: Commensals do not cause infections.
False
Can cause infections due to overdose once immune system is weakened
Robert Koch
- Koch’s Postulates
- Discovery of Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Culture of bacteria using media such as Agar and Petri Dish
What did Robert Koch discover?
Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1st Koch Postulate
Microorganism must be observed in every case of the disease
2nd Koch Postulate
Microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3rd Koch Postulate
The pure culture, when inoculated in animals, must reproduce the disease4
4th Koch Postulate
Microorganism must be recovered in diseased animal
Paul Ehrlich
discovered Salvarsan (syphilis treatment)
Alexander Fleming
discovered Penicillin
Area of science that deals with the study of 3 distinct but interrelated disciplines (classification, nomenclature, identification)
Taxonomy
Polyphasic Taxonomy is based on:
- Genotypic charac
- Phenotypic charac
- Phylogenetic (Evolutionary Relationships)
Genotypic characteristics
DNA, RNA, Plasmids
This carries the genetic material for antimicrobial resistance.
Plasmids
Phenotypic characteristics
macroscopic, byproducts, proteins, waste products
Phylogenetic characteristics
groupings
MALDI-TOF MS stands for?
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
T/F: Before using MALDI-TOF MS, you must have a record in the database through traditional culture.
True
Carolus Linnaeus
- Father of Taxonomy
- Binomial classification
Robert Whittaker’s Basis
Cellular Organism and Nutritional Pattern
Robert Whittaker’s Kingdom System
- Monera/Prokaryotae
- Fungi
- Protistae
- Animalia
- Plantae
Carl Woese’s Basis
Cellular Organization and FunctionC
Carl Woese’s Domain System
- Bacteria
- Eukaria
- Archaea
Hierarchial classification (Dear King Phillip Came Over For The Good Soup)
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum/Division
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Tribe
- Genus
- Species
- Subspecies
This is composed of similar divisions.
Kingdom
These have a common attribute.
Family
Other name for Species
Epithet
This is the most basic taxonomic group.
Species
This refers to organism population that is differentiated from populations within species.
Strains
This refers to variant prokaryotic strains characterized by biochemical or physiological differences.
Biovars
This refers to variation in serological reactions, strains with distinctive antigenic properties.
Serovars
Antigenic properties refer to?
cell surface markers, whether living or non-living
Family ends in
-aceae
Order ends in
-ales
Tribe ends in
-eae
T/F: In transferring a species from one genus to another, the species is retained.
True
ATCC stands for?
American Type Culture Collection
NCTC stands for?
National Collection of Type Cultures
T/F: ATCC is more common than NCTC.
True