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MT6320 BACTE > U1 LAB: CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH > Flashcards

U1 LAB: CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH Flashcards

1
Q

Factors affecting Microbial Growth

A
  • Type of Organism
  • Microbial load
  • Concentration of agent
  • Presence of organic material
  • Nature of surface (to be disinfected)
  • Contact time
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Compatibility of disinfectants
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2
Q

This is the causative agent of Mad Cow Disease/CJD and is made up of proteins.

A

Prions (most resistant, need to burn for it to be killed)

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3
Q

This refers to the absence of microbes in an area or object.

A

Asepsis

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4
Q

This refers to the methods employed to prevent entry of organisms to body, or equipment used for microbial cultivation.

A

Aseptic Technique

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5
Q

This involves chemical disinfection of living tissues, as well as in treatment of wounds.

A

Antisepsis

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6
Q

Chemical agent used in antisepsis

A

Antiseptic

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7
Q

This is a condition in which microbial growth and multiplication is halted or inhibited.

A

Bacteriostasis

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8
Q

Bacteriostatic methods include?

A

refrigeration, dyes

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9
Q

These are chemical sterilants used to destroy all forms of life.

A

Biocide

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10
Q

Other term for biocide

A

Chemical sterilants

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11
Q

These are inadvertently introduced to specimens or culture.

A

Contaminant

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12
Q

This is the process of removal of pathogenic microorganisms so materials are safe to handle/dispose.

A

Decontamination

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13
Q

This refers to the removal of transient microorganisms from the skin.

A

Degerming

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14
Q

This is the process of destruction of pathogenic microorganisms except spores, prions, and others.

A

Disinfection

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14
Q

Degerming methods include?

A

mechanical cleansing, use of antiseptics

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15
Q

This refers to the reduction of pathogens on eating utensils to safe public health levels.

A

Sanitization

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16
Q

Sanitization methods include?

A

mechanical cleansing, use of chemicals

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17
Q

This is the destruction of all forms of life including bacterial spores.

A

Sterilization

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18
Q

This is the lowest temperature in which all bacteria in culture will be killed in 10 minutes.

A

Thermal Death Point

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19
Q

This is the minimal length of time in which all bacteria in liquid suspension will be killed at a given temperature.

A

Thermal Death Time

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20
Q

Methods of control

A

Physical Means and Chemical Means

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21
Q

Physical Means require the use of?

A

heat

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22
Q

Chemical Means require the use of?

A

alcohol

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23
Q

This is the most commonly used physical method.

A

Heat

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24
Q

2 types of heat

A

Moist Heat, Dry Heat

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25
Q

Principle of Dry Heat

A

Oxidation

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26
Q

Examples of Dry Heat

A

Oven (for glasswares, 3 hours)

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27
Q

Dry Heat

longer exposure time, ___ temperatures

A

higher

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28
Q

This is used to sterilize glasswares.

A

Hot Air Oven

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29
Q

Temp requirements for dry heat

A

160-180C for 1.5-3 hours

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30
Q

Examples for open flame

A

Bunsen burner, Alcohol lamp

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31
Q

This is used for the sterilization of inoculating loops, needles, mouth of tubes.

A

Open Flame/Flame sterilization

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32
Q

This is the only way to destroy prions, and is used for disposal of hospital infectious waste.

A

Incineration (Incinerator)

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33
Q

Incineration is outlawed by?

A

RA 8749 (Clean Air Act of 1999)

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34
Q

Other term for Moist Heat

A

Heat under Steam Pressure

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35
Q

Principle of moist heat

A

Coagulation of Proteins

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36
Q

T/F: Dry heat is more effective than moist heat

A

False

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37
Q

Moist Heat

_____ time of exposure

A

shorter

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38
Q

Moist heat is the sterilization method choice for?

A

heat stable objects

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39
Q

Temp requirements for Autoclaving

A

121C, 15psi (1 atm) for 15 minutes

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40
Q

This kills all microorganisms except prions.

A

Autoclave

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41
Q

T/F: In opening the autoclave, you must let it cool down first to decrease pressure inside.

A

True

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42
Q

This is a form of disinfection under heat that doesn’t kill spores.

A

Boiling

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43
Q

Temp requirements for boiling

A

100C for 10-15 minutes

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44
Q

This eliminates food borne pathogens responsible for food spoilage.

A

Pasteurization

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45
Q

Methods under Pasteurization

A
  • Batch Method
  • Flash Method
  • High tempt short time
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46
Q

Batch Method

A

63C for 30 minutes

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47
Q

Flash Method

A

72C for 15 seconds

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48
Q

High Tempt Short Time

A

72C-140C then 72C for <5sec

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49
Q

This refers to a flowing steam, is fractional and intermittent.

A

Tyndallization

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50
Q

Tempt requirements for Tyndallization

A

100C for 30 mins for 30 days

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51
Q

1st day of Tyndallization

A

kills vegetative states of bacteria

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52
Q

2nd day of Tyndallization

A

endospores enter vegetative state

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53
Q

3rd day of Tyndallization

A

kills endospores in vegetative state

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54
Q

This is used for sterilization of high protein media.

A

Inspissation

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55
Q

Tempt requirements for inspissation

A

75-80C for 2 hours on 3 consecutive days

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56
Q

This physical method is used to seperate bacteria from liquids or air.

A

Filtration

57
Q

Filtration of liquids is done through:

A
  • Berkefield
  • Morton
  • Seitz
  • Chamberland-pasteur
  • Membrane filters
58
Q

Berkefield uses?

A

diatomaceous earth

59
Q

Morton uses?

A

sintered glass

60
Q

Seitz uses?

A

asbestos pad

61
Q

Chamberland-Pasteur uses?

A

unglazed porcelain

62
Q

Membrane filters use?

A

Cellulose esters

63
Q

Critical sterilization uses?

A

0.22um filter

64
Q

The use of liquid filtration is?

A

Sterilization of heat sensitive solutions

65
Q

Filtration of air is through?

A

HEPA filters

66
Q

HEPA stands for?

A

High Efficiency Particulate Air

67
Q

HEPA filters are able to remove what size of organisms?

A

> 0.3um

68
Q

Use of HEPA filters can be seen in?

A

Laboratory hoods, rooms of immunodeficient patients

69
Q

This physical method can either be ionizing or non ionizing.

A

Radiation

70
Q

MOA of Radiation

A

alkylation of nucleic acid

71
Q

Ionizing uses what rays?

A

Gamma rays / Electron beams

72
Q

Ionizing

Short wavelength, ______ energy

A

high

73
Q

Use of Ionizing radiation

A

Sterilization of disposable materials

74
Q

Non Ionizing uses what rays?

A

UV rays

75
Q

T/F: UV rays have poor penetration

A

True

76
Q

Use of Non ionizing radiation

A

Sterilization of surfaces

77
Q

This is a physical method used to remove water to stop metabolic action of bacteria/

A

Dessication (dehydration)

78
Q

This is a physical method that uses high concentrations of sugar/salts.

A

High osmotic pressure

79
Q

High osmotic pressure can be done through?

A

Plasmolysis

80
Q

This is a bacteriostatic physical method.

A

Exposure to low temperature

81
Q

This chemical is used for cold sterilization.

A

Ethylene Oxide

82
Q

Ethylene oxide utilizes a?

A

gas chamber with 450-700 mg/L volume

83
Q

Minimum time for Ethylene oxide

A

2 hours

84
Q

Principle of Ethylene oxide

A

Alkylation of nucleic acids

85
Q

These gaseous chemicals have a shorter time of killing.

A

Hydrogen Peroxide and Periacetic Acid

86
Q

MOA of Alcohol

A

Protein Denaturation and Lipid Dissolution

87
Q

Alcohol can penetrate the?

A

plasma membrane

88
Q

Examples of alcohol

A

70% Ethanol

89
Q

MOA of Aldehydes

A

Alkylation of Nucleic Acids, Protein Denaturation

90
Q

Examples of Aldehyde

A
  • 2% Glutaraldehyde
  • 40% Formalin
91
Q

This is a disinfectant under Aldehydes.

A

2% Glutaraldehyde

92
Q

This has a bactericidal property under Aldehydes.

A

40% Formalin

93
Q

This can be used as an alternative for those who are allergic to Iodine.

A

Chlorhexidine

94
Q

MOA of Chlorhexidine

A

Cytoplasmic Membrane Destruction

95
Q

Uses of Chlorhexidine

A

Commonly used antiseptic in surgery

96
Q

MOA of Halogens

A

Oxidation of cellular components, Protein denaturation

97
Q

T/F: Iodine is under Halogens.

A

True

98
Q

Forms of Iodine

A

Tincture or Iodophores

99
Q

This is the form of iodine that is used for antiseptics, and is composed of alcohol and iodine solutions.

A

Tincture

100
Q

This is a form of iodine with an added neutral polymer carrier.

A

Iodophors

101
Q

This form of iodine is preferrable, and must be diluted.

A

Iodophors

102
Q

This halogen is one of the oldest and common disnifectants.

A

Chlorine

103
Q

Chlorine is in the form of what, and is not used as sterilants?

A

Hypochlorite

104
Q

Dilution for Chlorine

A

1:10 dilution of 5.25%

105
Q

Water Sterilization is done through?

A
  • Addition of Bleach
  • Addition of Chlorine
  • Collection for Water Testing
106
Q

Addition of Chlorine is done with what, and where?

A

Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate, swimming pools and in drinking water

107
Q

Addition of Bleach

A

2-3 drops in 1 liter of water for 30 minutes

108
Q

What is added in collection for water testing?

A

Sodium Thiosulfate

109
Q

This chemical method is rarely used, and has a bacteriostatic property.

A

Heavy Metals

110
Q

MOA of Heavy Metals

A

Protein and enzyme inactivation

111
Q

Mercury

A

Merthiolate

112
Q

Silver

A

1% Silver Nitrate (Crede’s Prophylaxis)

113
Q

Copper

A

Copper Sulfate (anti-algae)

114
Q

Heavy metals

A
  • Mercury
  • Sulfur
  • Copper
115
Q

MOA of Oxidizing agents

A

Oxidation of cellular components

116
Q

Example of oxidizing agents

A

Hydrogen peroxide, Ozone

117
Q

These refer to chemically substituted phenol compounds, less toxic and more effective.

A

Phenolic Compounds

118
Q

MOA of Phenolic Compounds

A

Protein denaturation, cell membrane and enzyme inactivation

119
Q

Examples of phenolic compounds

A

Ortho-phenylphenol and ortho-benzyl-para-chlorophenol

120
Q

Uses of phenolic compounds

A

Hospital and institutional disinfection

121
Q

This chemical method is effective against Gr (+), has a residual effect and is toxic.

A

Hexachlorophene

122
Q

MOA of Hexachlorophene

A

interruption of electron transport, enzyme inhibition, membrane destruction

123
Q

This is effective against Gr (+), and is not affected by organic compounds.

A

Chloroxylenol

124
Q

MOA of Chloroxylenol

A

Cell wall disruption, enzyme inactivation

125
Q

QUATS stands for?

A

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

126
Q

These are surface active agents which reduce surface tension, and is inactivated by organic compounds and hard water.

A

QUATS

127
Q

MOA of QUATS

A

Protein denaturation, cell membrane destruction

128
Q

Examples of QUATS

A
  • Benzalkonium Cl (Zephiran)
  • Cetylperidium Chloride
129
Q

QUATS are resistant to?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

130
Q

These are used for mechanical action by rubbing and scrubbing.

A

Soap and Detergents

131
Q

Soap and detergents possess antibacterial ingredients such as?

A

Triclocarbon or Triclosan

132
Q

What is used to check effectiveness of physical methods?

A

Spore strips (placed before autoclaving)

133
Q

Spore strips contain the?

A

endospore

134
Q

Complete sterilization of spore strips is characterized by?

A

blackened spore strip

135
Q

Effectiveness of Physical Methods

Hot-air oven

A

Bacillus subtilis var. niger

136
Q

Effectiveness of Physical Methods

Ethylene gas

A

Bacillus subtilis var. globigii

137
Q

Effectiveness of Physical Methods

Ionization Radiation

A

Bacillus pumilus

138
Q

Effectiveness of Physical Methods

Autoclave

A
  • Geobacillus/Bacillus stearothermophilus
139
Q

Effectiveness of Chemical Methods

A

Determination of Phenol Coefficient

MT6320 BACTE (13 decks)

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