TYPES OF ANESTHESIA

Question 1

TYPES OF ANESTHESIA

Answer 1

1. General Anesthesia
2. Regional Anesthesia
3. Balanced (Neuroleptic) Anesthesia
4. Monitored Anesthesia Care ( local standby or anesthesia standby)

Question 2

1. General Anesthesia

Answer 2

. Permeates the entire body and affects all its functions
. Transported by way of the bloodstream
. Causes unconsciousness & blockage of pain transmitting center of the brain
. Results in an immobile, quiet patient who does not remember the operative procedure
. Involves the use of IV and
inhalation agents

Question 3

1.1 Inhalation

Answer 3

. unconsciousness is induced by patient breathing in anesthesia agents and oxygen which are absorbed into bloodstream
. Examples:
halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane,
nitrous oxide
. Ether, chloroform and cyclopropane are rarely used today because they are flammable and have undesirable side –effects.

Question 4

halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane & nitrous oxide are examples of?

Answer 4

Inhalation (general anesthesia)
. unconsciousness is induced by patient breathing in anesthesia agents and oxygen which are absorbed into bloodstream

Question 5

why are Ether, chloroform and cyclopropane rarely used & are examples of what?

Answer 5

are rarely used today because they are flammable and have undesirable side –effects.
. Are inhalation of general anesthesia

Question 6

1.2 Intravenous

Answer 6

. unconsciousness is induced by intravenous administration directly into the blood -> rapid pleasant general anesthesia
. does not cause muscle relaxation
. for short procedures or as
induction agent followed by
inhalation anesthesia

Examples: thiopental,
thiamylal, methohexital,
propofol, etomidate, ketamine

Question 7

thiopental, thiamylal, methohexital, propofol, etomidate & ketamine are examples of what?

Answer 7

intravenous method of administration of general anesthesia
. unconsciousness is induced by intravenous administration directly into the blood -> rapid pleasant general anesthesia
. does not cause muscle relaxation
. for short procedures or as
induction agent followed by
inhalation anesthesia

Question 8

2. Regional Anesthesia

Answer 8

. Pain control by anesthetizing the sensory nerves in one area or region of the body
. Patient remains conscious
. There are several types of regional or local anesthesia:
Spinal Block, Epidural Block,

Question 9

2.1 Spinal Block

Answer 9

• pain is blocked in the level of the subarachnoid space (intrathecal administration).
  . injected into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space of lumbar region to block the roots of the spinal nerves causing nerve block and relaxation below the point of injection
  . between 3rd and 4th or 4th
  and 5th lumbar vertebrae
  (below the level of the
  spinal cord –L2)
  . used for surgery on the lower portion of the body
  Patient remains conscious
  . One shot only

Question 10

2.2 Epidural Block

Answer 10

– pain is blocked in the level of the epidural space
. injected just outside the dura in the epidural space
. used for anesthesia of lower limbs or perineal area
. for relief of prolonged pain as with obstetrical patients
. continuous epidural infusion can be used for lighter level of general anesthesia and post-operative pain control
. May be given at the cervical, thoracic and lumbar sites

Question 11

2.3 Caudal Block

Answer 11

• injection of anesthetic into the caudal end of the spinal canal
• widely used in children during infra-umbilical procedures (repair of hernia, limb surgeries)
  . accomplished under
  fluoroscopic (x-ray)
  guidance
  . largely replaced now by
  epidural anesthesia

Question 12

2.4 Nerve Block or Field Block

Answer 12

• pain is blocked in the level of the nerve
  . injected around a main nerve trunk
  . used for dental work,
  extremities like the fingers

Question 13

2.5 Bier Block

Answer 13

. intravenous injection of local anesthesia to an extremity below the level of a tourniquet
. extremity remains painless
as long as tourniquet is inflated
. for extremity surgery that will last less than an hour
. analgesics may be given for
tourniquet pain

Question 14

what can be given if there tourniquet pain (Bier Block)

Answer 14

analgesics may be given for
tourniquet pain

Question 15

2.6 Local Infiltration Block

Answer 15

.pain if blocked in the level of the nerve endings
. injected under the skin to
anesthetize nerve endings and nerve fibers
. used for minor surgery, excision of small lesions, dental work

Question 16

2.7 Topical Anesthesia

Answer 16

. directly applied to a mucous membrane to produce insensibility of nerve endings

Question 17

3. Balanced (Neuroleptic) Anesthesia

Answer 17

. inhalation anesthetics & intravenous drugs combined to produce general anesthesia properties in the patient

Question 18

4. Monitored Anesthesia Care

Answer 18

• ( local standby or anesthesia standby)
  . pain control by local anesthesia which may be supplemented by IV drugs by the anesthesiologist
  . used for critically ill patients who may not tolerate general anesthesia or for minor procedures

Question 19

OTHER ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES

Answer 19

1. Cryoanesthesia
2. Acupuncture

Question 20

Cryoanesthesia

Answer 20

. blocking nerve conduction by means of surface cooling of a localized area
. used in the removal of warts, non-invasive surface lesions

Question 21

Acupuncture

Answer 21

. inserting needles into
meridian points on the body
. stimulates the brain to
release endorphins which
relieve or block pain