type 2 diabetes Flashcards
1
Q
define type 2 diabetes?
A
characterised by increased peripheral resistance to insulin action, impaired insulin secretion and increased hepatic glucose output
2
Q
what are the risk factors of T2DM?
A
- can be monogenic
- increased risk with obesity
- can be secondary to other conditions eg. pancreatic, endocrine, drugs
3
Q
what is the epidemiology of T2DM?
A
- UK prevalence is 5-10%
- asian, african and hispanic people at a greater risk.
4
Q
presenting symptoms of T2DM?
A
- polyuria
- polydipsia
- tiredness
- HSS
- many infections
- tingling in fingers
5
Q
what are the signs of T2DM on physical examination?
A
- diabetic foot
- skin changes
- check BP
- calculate BMI =
6
Q
what skin changes can T2DM present with?
A
- Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum
- Granuloma annulare
- Diabetic dermopathy
7
Q
what are the methods of assessing glucose?
A
- finger prick test
- one off blood glucose
- HbA1c
- glucose tolerance test
8
Q
how can T2DM be diagnosed?
A
- Symptoms of diabetes and a random plasma glucose > 11.1 mmol/L
- Fasting plasma glucose > 7 mmol/L
- Two-hour plasma glucose > 11.1 mmol/L after glucose tolerance test
9
Q
management for T2DM?
A
- metformin
- metformin + one other drug
- metformin + 2 drugs
assess based on HbA1c
10
Q
when should the dose be increased? HbA1c?
A
when HbA1c reached 58mmol/mol (7.5%)
11
Q
what complications must be screened for?
A
- retinopathy
- nephropathy
- vascular disease
- diabetic foot
- CVD
- HHS
12
Q
what are the complications of T2DM?
A
- HHS
- Neuropathy
- nephropathy
- retinopathy
- macrovascular
13
Q
what is pre diabetes?
A
- Impaired Fasting Glucose = 5.6-6.9 mmol/L
- Impaired Glucose Tolerance = 7.8-11.0 mmol/L
- increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes