osteoporosis Flashcards
define osteoporosis?
reduced bone density defined as > 2.5 standard deviations below peak bone mass achieved by healthy adults
what are the major risk factors for osteoporosis?
o Age o Females o Corticosteroid use o Rheumatoid arthritis o Alcohol excess o History of hip fracture o Low body mass index o Smoking
what are other causes of osteoporosis?
o Premature menopause o Sedentary lifestyle o Malignancy • Myeloma • metastatic carcinoma o Endocrine: • Cushing's disease • Thyrotoxicosis • Primary hyperparathyroidism • Hypogonadism o Gastrointestinal: • Malabsorption (e.g. coeliac disease, partial gastrectomy) • Liver disease (e.g. primary biliary cirrhosis) • Anorexia o Chronic kidney disease o Osteogenesis imperfecta
what is the epidemiology of osteoporosis?
- COMMON in females
* More common in CAUCASIANS and ASIANS than Afro-Caribbean’s
which fractures are common in osteoporosis?
o Neck of femur
o Vertebral fractures
o Colles’ fracture
what position suggests a NOF fracture?
o Severe pain when hip flexed and externally rotated
what tool can be used to risk assess a osteoporosis patient?
when should one act upon the FRAX score?
FRAX score
if it is greater than 10%
which bloods should be done for osteoporosis?
o Calcium
o Phosphate
o ALP
o PTH
what are the bloods in primary osteoporosis?
normal
what is the T score?
the number of standards deviations the bone mineral density measurement is above or below the young normal mean bone mineral density
what is a normal and abnormal T score?
- > -1 is normal
- -1 to - 2.5 = osteopenia
- <2.5 = osteoporosis
what does a z score factor in?
age, gender and ethnic factors.