Tutorial #6 - 10

Question 1

what is health promotion

Answer 1

helping people change their lifestyle behaviours to move towards a state of optimal health

Question 2

what are 3ways health is promoted through

Answer 2

raised awareness

behaviour change

creation of environments that support good health practices

Question 3

what are the 5 levels of intervention for health promotion

Answer 3

individual

family

school

community

national

Question 4

what are 2 examples of individual level interventions

Answer 4

peer interventions

mentoring programs

Question 5

what are 2 examples of family level interventions

Answer 5

parent training

family interventions

Question 6

what are 2 examples of school level interventions

Answer 6

curriculum based education

family interventions

Question 7

what is an example of community level interventions

Answer 7

local environment change

Question 8

what are 6 examples of national level interventions

Answer 8

health services

employment

training

law and policy changes

social marketing

socio-economic changes

Question 9

what is piaget in terms of health promotion

what must it account for

Answer 9

effective health promotion material must account for developmental stage of the target audience to ensure that the methods are appropriate and understood

Question 10

what is vygotsky in terms of health promotion

what must it account for

Answer 10

health promotion interventions need to be mindful of skills and knowledge of target audience

Question 11

why start health promotion early

5 reasons

Answer 11

health behaviours developed in childhood and adolescence continue into adult life

immediate effect of adolescents health behaviours

worrying trends in morbidity and mortality

developmental issues - distinct health needs

clustering of health risks

Question 12

what are 4 strategic approaches to health promotion in adolescence

Answer 12

by society as a whole on behalf of adolescents

health education = target/urge individuals to adopt a healthy lifestyle

improving young people’s social abilities

reduce inequalities = improve SES circumstances in which people grow up

Question 13

are the 2 considerations for health promotion in early adolescence

Answer 13

psychological and social development

Question 14

what are psychological development considerations for health promotion in early adolescence

Answer 14

concrete thinking but grasp of moral concepts, assessment and adjustment of body image

Question 15

what are social development considerations for health promotion in early adolescence

Answer 15

realizing difference from parents, start of strong peer group; start of health risk behaviours

Question 16

what are 4 implications of health promotion for early adolescents considering social and psychological development

Answer 16

start health promotion messages using concrete motivators

focus on here and now

use peer educators or role models

current physical health can be important motivators

Question 17

what are the 3 types of developmental knowledge/theories help decide which tactics to use to design the campaign for maximum effectiveness

Answer 17

psychological

social

cognitive

Question 18

what are the psychological development to consider for childhood health promotion

3 things

Answer 18

preoperational thinking

very literal in understanding of the world

memory not very strong

Question 19

what are the social development to consider for childhood health promotion

2 things

Answer 19

strongly dependent on parents/caregivers

modelling behaviour

Question 20

what are the implications to consider for childhood health promotion

2 things

Answer 20

health promotion should target parents

health promotion is indirect/targets families

Question 21

what are the social development to consider for mid-adolescents health promotion

Answer 21

increasing autonomy away from parents

Question 22

what are the psychological development to consider for mid-adolescents health promotion

Answer 22

abstract thinking develops, mainly in relation to others

‘self is bullet proof’

Question 23

what are the implications to consider for mid-adolescents health promotion

2 things

Answer 23

target health promotion messages as for early adolescence

specifically address issues of risk to self as well as others

Question 24

what are the psychological development to consider for late adolescents health promotion

Answer 24

complex abstract thought

further development of identity and body image

Question 25

what are the social development to consider for late adolescents health promotion

2 things

Answer 25

social autonomy

splitting of peer group into smaller groups and couples

Question 26

what are some health promotions for childhood

2 things

Answer 26

interactive materials

avoid abstract words, use concrete explanations

Question 27

what process is problem solving

Answer 27

cognitive process

Question 28

what does problem solving involve

Answer 28

specific mental operations

Question 29

what are algorithms in terms of problem solving processes

Answer 29

step by step learned procedure

always provides the right answer for a particular problem

Question 30

what problems are algorithms useful for

Answer 30

problems that depends on the same basic steps for arriving at a solution every time one is required

Question 31

if algorithms are unavailable what do we rely on instead

Answer 31

heuristics

Question 32

what are heuristics

Answer 32

rule of thumb or mental shortcut used to make solving problems or making decisions easier

Question 33

what is availability heuristics

Answer 33

judgement based on information readily available in the memory

assume that if we can think of more examples it must be right

Question 34

what are representativeness heuristics

Answer 34

leads to errors in estimating the probability of an event

vivid events remembered out of proportion to actual frequency of occurence

Question 35

what are 5 barriers to problem solving and reasoning

Answer 35

distraction

functional fixedness

mental sets

unnecessary constraints

confirmation bias

Question 36

what is distraction in terms of barriers to problem solving and reasoning

Answer 36

attention gets diverted from task at hand by irrelevant info

Question 37

what is functional fixedness in terms of barriers to problem solving and reasoning

Answer 37

tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

Question 38

what are mental sets in terms of barriers to problem solving and reasoning

Answer 38

exists when people persist in using strategies that have worked in the past but no longer optimal

Question 39

what are unecessary contraints in terms of barriers to problem solving and reasoning

Answer 39

people often impose unecessary contraints/limits on possible solutions

Question 40

what is confirmation bias in terms of barriers to problem solving and reasoning

Answer 40

tendency for people to search for confirmation of what they already believe and ignore evidence that contradicts their beliefs

Question 41

what is framing

Answer 41

the way a choice is described

is the emphasis on the positive (gain) or negative (loss)

Question 42

what is the framing effect

Answer 42

people react differently depending on whether a choice is presented as a gain/loss

Question 43

people are more __ ___ when info is presented in a ___ frame

why

Answer 43

risk averse when gain frame

dont want to risk not gaining

Question 44

what is a gain frame in a medical context

Answer 44

likelihood of survival

Question 45

what is a loss frame in a medical context

Answer 45

likelihood of adverse reaction/mortality

Question 46

what can we do to address framing in a medical context

Answer 46

present a balanced view to support informed decisions

use debiasing strategies by asking patients to explain their rationale for choosing a certain treatment plan