Tutorial #6 - 10 Flashcards
what is health promotion
helping people change their lifestyle behaviours to move towards a state of optimal health
what are 3ways health is promoted through
raised awareness
behaviour change
creation of environments that support good health practices
what are the 5 levels of intervention for health promotion
individual
family
school
community
national
what are 2 examples of individual level interventions
peer interventions
mentoring programs
what are 2 examples of family level interventions
parent training
family interventions
what are 2 examples of school level interventions
curriculum based education
family interventions
what is an example of community level interventions
local environment change
what are 6 examples of national level interventions
health services
employment
training
law and policy changes
social marketing
socio-economic changes
what is piaget in terms of health promotion
what must it account for
effective health promotion material must account for developmental stage of the target audience to ensure that the methods are appropriate and understood
what is vygotsky in terms of health promotion
what must it account for
health promotion interventions need to be mindful of skills and knowledge of target audience
why start health promotion early
5 reasons
health behaviours developed in childhood and adolescence continue into adult life
immediate effect of adolescents health behaviours
worrying trends in morbidity and mortality
developmental issues - distinct health needs
clustering of health risks
what are 4 strategic approaches to health promotion in adolescence
by society as a whole on behalf of adolescents
health education = target/urge individuals to adopt a healthy lifestyle
improving young people’s social abilities
reduce inequalities = improve SES circumstances in which people grow up
are the 2 considerations for health promotion in early adolescence
psychological and social development
what are psychological development considerations for health promotion in early adolescence
concrete thinking but grasp of moral concepts, assessment and adjustment of body image
what are social development considerations for health promotion in early adolescence
realizing difference from parents, start of strong peer group; start of health risk behaviours
what are 4 implications of health promotion for early adolescents considering social and psychological development
start health promotion messages using concrete motivators
focus on here and now
use peer educators or role models
current physical health can be important motivators
what are the 3 types of developmental knowledge/theories help decide which tactics to use to design the campaign for maximum effectiveness
psychological
social
cognitive
what are the psychological development to consider for childhood health promotion
3 things
preoperational thinking
very literal in understanding of the world
memory not very strong
what are the social development to consider for childhood health promotion
2 things
strongly dependent on parents/caregivers
modelling behaviour
what are the implications to consider for childhood health promotion
2 things
health promotion should target parents
health promotion is indirect/targets families
what are the social development to consider for mid-adolescents health promotion
increasing autonomy away from parents
what are the psychological development to consider for mid-adolescents health promotion
abstract thinking develops, mainly in relation to others
‘self is bullet proof’
what are the implications to consider for mid-adolescents health promotion
2 things
target health promotion messages as for early adolescence
specifically address issues of risk to self as well as others
what are the psychological development to consider for late adolescents health promotion
complex abstract thought
further development of identity and body image
what are the social development to consider for late adolescents health promotion
2 things
social autonomy
splitting of peer group into smaller groups and couples
what are some health promotions for childhood
2 things
interactive materials
avoid abstract words, use concrete explanations
what process is problem solving
cognitive process
what does problem solving involve
specific mental operations
what are algorithms in terms of problem solving processes
step by step learned procedure
always provides the right answer for a particular problem
what problems are algorithms useful for
problems that depends on the same basic steps for arriving at a solution every time one is required
if algorithms are unavailable what do we rely on instead
heuristics
what are heuristics
rule of thumb or mental shortcut used to make solving problems or making decisions easier
what is availability heuristics
judgement based on information readily available in the memory
assume that if we can think of more examples it must be right
what are representativeness heuristics
leads to errors in estimating the probability of an event
vivid events remembered out of proportion to actual frequency of occurence
what are 5 barriers to problem solving and reasoning
distraction
functional fixedness
mental sets
unnecessary constraints
confirmation bias
what is distraction in terms of barriers to problem solving and reasoning
attention gets diverted from task at hand by irrelevant info
what is functional fixedness in terms of barriers to problem solving and reasoning
tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use
what are mental sets in terms of barriers to problem solving and reasoning
exists when people persist in using strategies that have worked in the past but no longer optimal
what are unecessary contraints in terms of barriers to problem solving and reasoning
people often impose unecessary contraints/limits on possible solutions
what is confirmation bias in terms of barriers to problem solving and reasoning
tendency for people to search for confirmation of what they already believe and ignore evidence that contradicts their beliefs
what is framing
the way a choice is described
is the emphasis on the positive (gain) or negative (loss)
what is the framing effect
people react differently depending on whether a choice is presented as a gain/loss
people are more __ ___ when info is presented in a ___ frame
why
risk averse when gain frame
dont want to risk not gaining
what is a gain frame in a medical context
likelihood of survival
what is a loss frame in a medical context
likelihood of adverse reaction/mortality
what can we do to address framing in a medical context
present a balanced view to support informed decisions
use debiasing strategies by asking patients to explain their rationale for choosing a certain treatment plan
