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122 HLTHPSYCH > MOD1 - Biological Foundations of BHD > Flashcards

MOD1 - Biological Foundations of BHD Flashcards

1
Q

What is the frontal and prefrontal cortex’s purpose

A

abstract thought, planning and decision making

higher cerebral functions

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2
Q

what happens to the size of the hippocampus in depression

A

smaller

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3
Q

what happens to the activity in the amygdala in depression

A

higher activity

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4
Q

what does amygdala do

A

recalls and responds to traumatic events

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5
Q

what 3 things does the hypothalamus do

A

regulates motivated behaviour

triggers stress response

controls pituitary gland

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6
Q

what mental illness is the thalamus associated with

A

bipolar disorder

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7
Q

what is the stress response system

A

Hypothalamus -CRH-> pituitary -ACTH-> adrenal gland -cortisol-> immune system

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8
Q

serotonin increases/decreases with depression and suicide

A

decreases

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9
Q

dopamine is associated with which two illnesses

A

substance abuse and psychosis

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10
Q

Norepinephrine is related with which two conditions

A

stress

triggers anxiety

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11
Q

what does acetylcholine do

A

memory and recall

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12
Q

what condition is glutamate associated with and is it excitatory or inhibitory

A

associated with BPD and lithium impact

excitatory

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13
Q

is GABA inhibitory or excitatory and what effect does it have on anxiety

A

inhibitory

reduces anxiety

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14
Q

which 2 neurotransmitters are altered by decreased eostrogen

A

serotonin and norepinephrine

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15
Q

experience have what effect on brain development

A

develops neuronal connections

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16
Q

toxic stress has what effect on the stress system

A

prolonged activation of the stress system

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17
Q

prolonged toxic stress has what effect on cortisol levels and neural systems

A

prolonged cortisol elevation

less neural connections

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18
Q

what are the 2 stress hormones

A

adrenaline

cortisol

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19
Q

what 2 things does adrenaline do in stress

A

mobilise energy store and alter blood flow

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20
Q

what 2 things does cortisol do in stress

A

mobilise energy store and inhibit immune system

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21
Q

sustained cortisol damages which part of the brain

A

hippocampus

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22
Q

what are the two branches of the nervous sytem

A

CNS and PNS

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23
Q

what are the 2 branches of the PNS

A

somatic and autonomic

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24
Q

what are the 2 branches of the ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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25
Q

what neurotransmitter is associated with sleep, aggression, eating, sexual behaviours and mood

A

serotonin

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26
Q

what neurotransmitter is in control of reward and pleasure

A

dopamine

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27
Q

circadian rhythms are disrupted by which 3 factors

A

increased level of stress hormone cortisol

decreased level of eostrogen (alters NE and Epinephrine) and testosterone (after 50yo)

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28
Q

what is the order of the 3 catergories of brain development

language, sensory and higher cognition

A

sensory pathway first

language

higher cognition function last

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29
Q

what are the differences in the effects of occassional inattention and chronic under-stimulation

A

occasional = growth promoting in supportive environments

understim = developmental delays

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30
Q

what is the difference between severe neglect in family context and institutional setting

A

family = absence of 1 on 1 interaction, fail to provide basic needs

institutional = many children and few caregivers and no individuallised adult-child relationship

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31
Q

What are teratogens

A

chemicals or factors that damage fetus development

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32
Q

what happens if the tertogen timing or dose is less than threshold

A

some exposure results in small risk of causing malformation

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33
Q

what is FASD

A

permanent birth defect with maternal alcohol use during pregnancy

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34
Q

what does Chronic high cortisol levels do to the nervous system

in this case is the stress threshold high or low

A

overactivation of the nervous system

low threshold

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35
Q

what trimester is the most important period of time for organ development

A

1st trimester

first 3 months

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36
Q

what are the 3 symptoms of Fetal Alcohol spectrum disorder

A

growth deficiency

facial abnormalities

organic brain damage

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37
Q

what are the sentinel facial features of FASD

A

nose and upper lip

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38
Q

what effects does brain development and stress have on the brain and cognitive

A

impairs learning

reduce hippocampus growth and impacts memory

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39
Q

What is sensation

A

Detection of physical energy by sense organ that sends info to brain

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40
Q

what is the stimuli and the sense organ/receptor of sight

A

stimuli = light

sense organ/receptor = eyes

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41
Q

what is the stimuli and the sense organ/receptor of smell

A

stimuli = oderant molecules in the air

sense organ/receptor = nose

42
Q

what is the stimuli and the sense organ/receptor of taste

A

stimuli = flavouring of food and other molecules (sweet, sour, umami, salty, bitter)

sense organ/receptor = taste buds on tounge

43
Q

what is the stimuli and the sense organ/receptor of touch

A

stimuli = pressure and temperature

sense organ/receptor = skin

44
Q

what is the stimuli and the sense organ/receptor of hearing

A

stimuli = soundwaves and vibrating air molecules

sense organ/receptor = ears

45
Q

in terms of sensation what is transduction

A

Converting of external energy into electrical activity in neurons

46
Q

What is the absolute threshold and how does it vary with age

A

Lowest level of stimulus needed for nervous system to detect change 50% of the time

Increases w/ age

47
Q

what is Webers law in terms of sensation and perception

A

There is a constant proportional relationship between smallest change we detect and original stimulus intensity

Ie. amount of change needed for us to detect the change

48
Q

What is vestibular sense

A

Balance & spatial orientation in relation to gravity

49
Q

What is proprioception

A

Sensing the body parts relative to each other

50
Q

In terms of sensation what is pain

A

A response to a harmful stimuli

51
Q

What is perception

A

The brains interpretation of raw sensory input

The psychological organising of info

52
Q

When do the following perceptions develop in babies

motion, binocular, pictorial

A

Motion depth = 3/4wk

Binocular depth = 2/3 mnth

Pictorial depth = 6mnth

53
Q

Why do babies feel pain more intensely than adults and what are some forms of pain relief for babies

A

Babies have an immature CNS

Pain relief = milk, holding, sugar solution

54
Q

What is the sensory capacity at birth for a baby in terms of taste smell and touch

are they present at birth and how do they benefit the baby

A

Present at birth

Survival smell & taste of milk

Touch helps develop relationships

55
Q

What is the sensory capacity at birth for a baby in terms of hearing

are they present at birth and what sounds do they prefer

A

Babies can hear before birth

Prefer mother and complex sounds

56
Q

What is the sensory capacity at birth for a baby in terms of sight

are they present at birth and what extent is their sight and when do they improve

what do babies prefer for sight

A

Limited focus, poor acuity but rapid development

Difficulty discrim. Colour

Prefer faces & contrast, contour, movement & complex patterns

57
Q

As you age, how does your vision get worse and what is the term for the degeneration of sight

above what age and for which gender does aging vision impact the most

what is harder for old people in terms of glare and sight

what happens to their depth perception and binocular vision

A

Macular degeneration leads to less light reaching retina and increased light scattering

presbyopia (hard to focus on nearby objects)

> 70, women>men

Increased glare sensitivity and harder to perceive colour & harder to see in dim light

Decreased depth perception & binocular vision

58
Q

As you age what condition affects your hearing and how is it affected

above what age and for which gender does aging hearing impact the most

hearing is worse at higher/lower/moderate frequencies, what type of sounds and at which frequencies

A

Presbycusis (age related hearing loss) due to decreased neural pathways, blood supply & increased cell death

> 75yrs, Men>women

Worse at higher frequencies, soft sounds at all frequencies

59
Q

How does aging affect your sense of taste and smell and how is it affected

what disadvantages does this lead to

A

Decreased sensitivity to 4 tastes and a decrease in smell receptors are also involved

leads to eating non-foods or bad foods, vitamin deficiencies

60
Q

How does aging affect your sense of touch

A

Decline in hand sensitivity and fine manipulation affected

61
Q

what are the 4 aspects of perceptual organisation

A

form
depth/distance
motion
perceptual

62
Q

what is top down processing

A

Perceptions are influenced by our expectations and prior knowledge.

Brain applies what it knows to fill in the blanks and anticipate what’s next

63
Q

what is bottom up processing

A

explanation for perceptions that start with an incoming stimulus and working upwards until a representation of the object is formed in our minds

64
Q

what is form perception

A

organises sensory info into meaningful shapes and patterns

divides perception into figure and ground

65
Q

what is the perceptual set

A

formed when our expectations/context influences perception

66
Q

what is the Gestalt view

A

the whole is more than the sum of its parts

67
Q

what are the 6 key Gestalt principles

A

law of

proximity
similarity
continuity
closure
symmetry
form and ground
68
Q

what is the law of proximity

A

group nearest elements

69
Q

what is the law of similarity

A

group most similar elements

70
Q

what is the law of continuity

A

see lines as continuous even when interrupted

71
Q

what is the law of closure

A

fill in gaps to experience as the whole

72
Q

what is the law of symmetry

A

group objects that are symmetrically arranged as wholes

73
Q

what are the 2 divisions of depth or distance perception

A

monocular cues and binocular cues

74
Q

what are the 6 monocular depth perception cues

A 
interposition
linear perspective
texture gradient
light and shadow
height in plane
relative size
75
Q

what are the 2 binocular depth perception cues

A

binocular disparity and convergence

76
Q

what is binocular disparity

A

the greater the difference between the pictures from each eye the closer the object

77
Q

what is binocular convergence

A

eyes point inwards when looking at close objects

eyes move outwards when looking at distant objects

78
Q

what are the 3 components of the perceptual constancy

A

size
shape
colour

79
Q

what is shape constancy

A

perceive true object shape despite variations in shape in the retinal image

80
Q

what is colour constancy

A

tendency to precieve whiteness, greyness and blackness of objects across changing levels of illumination

81
Q

what is size constancy

A

perceive true size of an object despite variations in the size of retinal image

82
Q

what is inattentional blindess

A

failure to perceive a prominent object because attention is on another task

83
Q

what is change blindness

A

failure to perceive changes in a scene when there is a momentary interruption to views of that scene

84
Q

when the environment is exciting we pay less/more attention to the body and notice less/more symptoms

A

less attention to body

less symptoms

85
Q

what are the 5 reasons for sleep

A

Cellular machinery repair

Energy replenishment

Thermo regulation

Memory consolidation

Resculpting synapses

86
Q

What 4 body factors does the Polysomnogram monitor

A

Brain electrical activity

Eye & jaw/leg muscle movement

Airflow & respiratory effort

Oxygen saturation

87
Q

what insomnia defined as and what is the reason for it

A

Trouble sleeping 3 or> nights/wk and interferes with activity next day

Circadian rhythm problems

88
Q

what is the cause of primary insomnia

A

Too much time in bed

89
Q

what is the cause of secondary insomnia

A

Due to substances, psychiatric, med/neurological condition

90
Q

what are the 5 reasons for excessive daytime sleepiness

A

Sleep apnoea

Substances

Circadian rhythm disorder

Sleep deprivation

Narcolepsy

91
Q

What are the 7 types of parasomnia

A

Sleep walking

Sleep eating

Sleep talking

Rem behaviour disorder

Periodic limb movements

Restless legs

Bruxism

92
Q

What are the 4 types of treatment for sleep apnoea

A

CPAP

Pulse oximetry/polysomnography

Weight loss/surgery

Mandibular advancement splints

93
Q

What are the 4 types of treatment for primary insomnia

A

Sleep hygiene

Limit naps (30mins) betw 12-3pm

Exercise

Time in bed restriction

94
Q

What is a treatment for delayed sleep phase disorder

A

Melatonin & light box

95
Q

what is delayed sleep phase disorder

A

Dysregulated circadian rhythm compared to gen pop

96
Q

what is bruxism

A

teeth grinding

97
Q

what are the 7 causes of insomnia

A

mental illnesses (eg depression, anxiety)

general health

sleep apnea

delayed sleep phase disorder

primary insomnia

parasomnia

alcohol/substance problems

98
Q

what is CPAP

A

continuous positive airways pressure

99
Q

what are the 3 criteria for sleep apnoea

A

snores loudly at night

wakes with dry mouth

morning headache

100
Q

what is the treatment for primary insomnia

A

restrict the time spent in bed

122 HLTHPSYCH (12 decks)

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