Introduction Flashcards
What are the 3 key factors in the WHO definition of health
Physical, mental and social well-being
not just the absence of illness
The causes of death for males from the highest to the lowest is
Heart disease Cancer Accidents Influenza Pneumonia
A model of health and illness that suggests links among the nervous system, the immune system, behavioral styles, cognitive processing and environmental domains of health is known as the
Biopsychosocial Model
The psychological component of the biopsychosocial model encompasses which 3 cognition factors
thoughts/beliefs/attitudes
health risk appraisal
self-efficacy
The psychological component of the biopsychosocial model encompasses what behavioral factors
adoption and maintenance of health behaviors
what is included as part of the biological arm of the biopsychosocial model
symptoms and course of illness
infection rate/spread and variations
underlying medical conditions
immune response/vaccine
what is included as part of the social arm of the biopsychosocial model
public health measures
essential services workers
access and socio-economic factors
increased risk for subset of population
what is changed in an experimental research design
and how is high internal validity maintained
independent variable
random assignment
what are the 2 strengths of experimental research
can make causal claims
high internal validity due to random assignment
what are the 2 limitations of experimental research
random assignment sometimes unethical/not possible
low external validity (controls limits generalisation)
what does correlational research design aim to do
investigate degree to which variables are related
what is are the 2 strengths of correlational research
can predict behaviours/outcomes and SUGGEST potential cause/effect relationships (not causation!)
can examine relationships that are unethical for experimental
what is the limitation of correlational research
cant infer cause and effect or why association exists (only that 2 variables tend to vary together)
what are the 4 types of descriptive/observational reasearch
naturalistic observations
lab/clinic observation
case studies
surveys and interviews
what is the purpose of descriptive/observational research
observe naturally occurring behaviours
how are behaviours observed in naturalistic observations
in their natural setting without controlling the behaviour in any way from the observer
what are the 2 strengths of naturalistic observations
high external validity
can generate new ideas
what are the 4 limitations of naturalistic observations
have to wait for behaviour to occur naturally
small scale, unrepresentative
low internal validity (cant control confounds)
cant establish cause/effect
what are the 3 strengths of lab/clinic observations
controls confounds in environment
specialized equipment = precise measurements
finds associations
what are the 2 limitations of naturalistic observations
surroundings may influence results
cant infer cuase/effect
what are the 2 strengths of case studies
appropriate for unusual cases
insight for future research
what are case studies
observe few individual with rare conditions in depth over time
what are the 2 limitations of case studies
anecdotal, cant generalize results
cant infer cause/effect
how are surveys and interviews conducted
collect self reported data
what are the 2 strengths of surveys/interviews
collect wide range of info
sample large populations and multiple formats available
what are the 2 limitations of surveys/interviews
subjects may forget/lie/lack insight
sample needs to be representative of population
what is internal validity
the extent to which a study establishes a trustworthy cause-and-effect relationship between a treatment and an outcome
what is external validity
Extent of which you can generalize your findings to other or a wider population
What is a matched control group
Participant in an experimental group being exposed to a manipulation is compared on an outcome variable to a specific participant in the control group who is similar in some important way but did not receive the manipulation
how are longitudinal developmental designs carried out
collects data on the same group with the same repeated experiment over time
how are cross sectional developmental designs carried out
compares people of different ages at one point in time
what are the 2 strengths of longitudinal designs
shows change over time
association shown between early/later experience and development
what are the 2 limitations of longitudinal designs
takes time and is expensive
participants may drop out
what are the 2 strengths of cross sectional designs
quick
inexpensive
what are the 2 limitations of cross sectional designs
cant see changes in an individual
correlation is hard to interpret
what is observer/participant bias
results are influenced by your/participant’s expectations
what is sampling bias
certain people are more likely to be selected in the sample so sample may not be representative of population
how do you fix participant bias
placebos
how do you fix observer and participant bias
double blind
how do you fix sampling bias
random selection and assignment
matched control groups
