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122 HLTHPSYCH > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

what is attachment

A

strong enduring affectionate connection that humans share with the special people in their lives

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2
Q

what is the cupboard view of attachment

A

freud and others said that it was attachment based on the provision of food needed for survival

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3
Q

what is the comfort view of attachment

A

harlow and others said that attachment goes beyond physical need

babies also need contact comfort and love

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4
Q

what did harlow’s study show

A

despite surrogate supplying food the infant monkey formed attachment to cloth surrogate

contact comfort preferred

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5
Q

what is the attachment theory

3 principles

A

importance of relationships in our lives from cradle to the grave

believed mother infant bond is evolved response

babies born with built in behaviours that keep parent nearby and fuel bond

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6
Q

when is secure attachment most clearly seen ir what ages

A

6-8months to 18months-2years

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7
Q

what is secure attachment intensified

A

intensified by anxiety in stressful situational

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8
Q

what does secure attachment serve to do in stressful situation

A

reduce anxiety

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9
Q

what is separation/stranger anxiety in secure attachement

A

upset at departure of familiar caregiver/dear of stranger

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10
Q

what is attachment style measured by

how does it work

A

strange situation paradigm

controlled situation, series of standard episodes of separation and reunion with parents and interaction with stranger

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11
Q

what are the 4 patterns of attachment

A

secure

insecure avoidant

insecure-anxious/ambivalent

disorganised

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12
Q

what are the percentage of children with secure attachment pattern

A

around 60%

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13
Q

what are the percentage of children with insecure avoidant attachment pattern

A

15-20%

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14
Q

what are the percentage of children with insecure-anxious/ambivalent attachment pattern

A

15-20%

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15
Q

what are the percentage of children with disorganised attachment pattern

A

5-10%

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16
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of secure attachment patterns

A

use caregiver as a secure base

parental responsiveness highest

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17
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of insecure avoidant attachment patterns

A

infants indifferent to parent’s return/departure

parental responsiveness lowest

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18
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of insecure-anxious/ambivalent attachment patterns

A

distress at departure, infant first seek and then avoid caregiver upon return

parental response inconsistent

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19
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of disorganised attachment patterns

A

depressed/unresponsive with spurts of sudden emotion

confused about approaching or avoiding parent

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20
Q

what is secure attachment in infancy related to in development

A

positive social, emotional and cognitive development

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21
Q

what are the 5 factors that affect the development of attachment

A

quality of caregiver

child temperament

family context

culture

opportunity to establish close relationship

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22
Q

what is the best predictor of secure attachment

A

sensitive, responsive parenting

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23
Q

what is sensitive, responsive parenting

A

parents ability to perceive and interpret childs signals and intentions, respond appropriately and promptly

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24
Q

what are the 4 types of parenting and adjustment

A

authoritative vs permissive

authoritarian vs uninvolved

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25
Q

what are 3 types of genetically prewired behaviours that facilitate basic processes of parenting

A

caregiver natural tendency to hold, talk, smile and respond to infant cry

motherese = infant directed speech

infant babbling, smiles, facial expressions to engage parent

26
Q

what 2 things may be linked to individual differences in attachment

A

hormone oxytocin

27
Q

what is a serve and return relationship

what is the serve and what is the return

A

serve = infant prewired and ongoing behaviour to engage adult

return = adult may/may not respond appropriately

28
Q

what 3 things is the serve and return relationship influenced by

what are examples of each factor

A

child factors = temperament

parent factors = mental illness/drug use

family factors = family violence

29
Q

what is a childs temperament

A

early appearing and stable dispositions

30
Q

what is a childs temperament largely based on

2 things

A

biologically and genetically based

31
Q

what does a childs temperament do through adulthood

A

persists although likely to become less extreme

32
Q

what areas is childs temperament involved in

A

activity

emotion

attention

self regulation

sociability

33
Q

what are the 2 dimensions of a childs temperament

A

reactivity

self regulation/effortful control

34
Q

what 2 things does a child’s temperament predicts

A

cognitive and social functioning

35
Q

what are the 3 types of a child’s temperament

what percentage of children fall into each category

A

easy 40%

difficult 10%

slow to warm up 15%

36
Q

what are the 2 types of temperament defined by kagan

what is the factor it is defined by

A

bold/uninhibited and inhibited

sensitivity to physical and social stimulation

37
Q

what are characteristics of bold/uninhibited temperament in toddlers

4 things

A

talkative, sociable, behaviourally spontaneous or bold

show low levels of fearfullness in unfamiliar contexts

38
Q

what are characteristics of bold/uninhibited temperament in infants

A

lower levels of crying and excitability or reactivity

39
Q

what are links of bold/uninhibited temperament to health risk behaviours

A

impulsivity

unsafe sex

dangerous driving

alcohol dependence

40
Q

what are characteristics of shy/inhibited temperament in toddlers

A

consistently shy, quiet and timid/more fearful in unfamiliar situations

41
Q

what are characteristics of shy/inhibited temperament in infants

A

pattern associated more with crying

42
Q

what is the goodness of fit in terms of shy/inhibited temperament

A

sensitive parenting to encourage adaptive functioning and positive development

43
Q

what happens to those with a shy/inhibited temperament as children as they mature

A

responses less extreme as they mature but rarely shift categories

44
Q

what is the family context in terms of childrens social development

A

parent factors, circumstances and life transitions that affect parent child interaction

45
Q

what are 5 factors belonging a family context that affect parent child interactions

A

low SES

family stress/violence

parental mental health/substance abuse

parent attachment history

major life changes

46
Q

how can the family context affect parent and children relationships

3 things

A

makes it harder to deal with challenges of parenting

influence sensitivity and responsiveness

flow on effect on quality of attachment

47
Q

the model of parent and child relationships was made based on what culture and values?

what might this affect

A

based on western/individualist culture, values and traditional families

awareness of biases and differences that may not reflect dystfunction

48
Q

what are 3 origins/sources of child maltreatment

A

the family

the community

the larger culture

49
Q

what are 3 ways that children may be maltreated on a family level

A

isolated from social supports, highly stressed

alcohol/drug abuse, abusive family backgrounds

unrealistic expectations

50
Q

what are 2 ways that children may be maltreated on a community level

A

mistrust, avoid others

few links between family and community

51
Q

what are 2 ways that children may be maltreated on a larger cultural level

A

social deprivation and poverty challenges

societies that view violence as appropriate to solve problems, including physical force in parent child relations

(child abuse is rare where physical punishment is not accepted)

52
Q

what are 3 types of developmental consequences of maltreatment

A

behavioural, social-emotional and cognitive developmental consequences

53
Q

what are behavioural development consequences of maltreatment

6 things

A

physical abuse, exposure to violence promotes use of aggressive behaviour by child

conduct problems, antisocial behaviours

sexualised/risky behaviour association with childhood sexual abuse

negative effect on schooling through non-compliance, poor motivation

substance abuse

54
Q

what are social-emotional development consequences of maltreatment

6 things

A

negative effect on social adjustment/skills and self esteem

problem with emotional regulation

insecure attachment

impaired parenting = more likely to abuse their own children

increased risk for wide range of mental health problems

abusive mothers more likely to have experience abuse while boys more likely to abuse partners

55
Q

what are cognitive development consequences of maltreatment

4 things

A

at risk pf learning problem, cognitive delays

more difficulty completing tasks

may not achieve max intellectual capacity

undermines chance of success at school

56
Q

the adverse child experiences (ACE) study showed what results

A

number of ACEs/adverse family characteristics correlated with adult health outcomes

early adversity affects the developing brains of children

57
Q

ACEs lead to what in terms of the HPA axis and immune system

A

chronic activation of HPA axis functioning and affects developing immune system

58
Q

what is the dose response relationship between ACEs and the number of adult physical and mental health outcomes

A

higher the ACE score, the worse health outcomes

59
Q

those who experienced ___ or more ACEs compared to those with none are at increased risk of health conditions

A

4 or more

60
Q

what are 6 ways to prevent maltreatment on a family, community, health service and society level

A

identify at risk families

getting support in place to ease parental stress

community resources

alleviating child poverty

effective interventions and education

reporting abuse

61
Q

what can be done to prevent maltreatment on a child level

A

removing child from harm

122 HLTHPSYCH (12 decks)

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