Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

122 HLTHPSYCH > Tutorial #1 - 5 > Flashcards

Tutorial #1 - 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the correlation coefficient and what kind of research is it related to

A

correlational research

(r) measures the correlation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the range of correlation coefficient and what does it mean

A

-1 ( strong negative) to 1 (strong positive)

0 = no correlation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is informed consent

A

inform potential participants of all aspects of research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what 5 things does informed consent include

A 
what participation involves
benefits/risks of participation
where to get support
right to withdraw
decision is voluntary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is reliability

A

consistency of measurement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is validity

A

does it measure or assess what it claims to measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are confounding variables

A

differences between experimental and control groups other than the independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

key messages should influence which 5 factors when attempting to change behaviours

A

outcome expectancies

perceived personal relevance

attitudes

self-efficacy

perceived norms (descriptive, subjective, personal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the 5 layers of the maslow hierarchy of needs from top to bottom

A

self-actualization

esteem

attachment

safety

biological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is self actualisation in the maslow hierarchy of needs

A

needs to fulfill potential, have meaningful goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is esteem in the maslow hierarchy of needs

A

needs for confidence, sense of worth and competence, self esteem and respect of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is attachment in the maslow hierarchy of needs

A

need to belong, to affiliate, to love and be loved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is safety in the maslow hierarchy of needs

A

needs for security, comfort, tranquility, freedom from fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is biological in the maslow hierarchy of needs

A

needs for food, water, oxygen, rest, sexual expression, release from tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the maslow hierarchy of needs needs to be satisfied from top to bottom or bottom to top? before the next level is reached

is this always done in order

A

top to bottom

no sometimes nay need to sacrifice needs for reasons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are incentives

A

stimuli that motivate behaviour although they do not related directly to biological needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are two types of motivation

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is intrinsic motivation

A

doing something for the sake of it or because its personally rewarding to you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is extrinsic motivation

A

doing something because you want to earn a reward or avoid punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

offering excessive external rewards for an already internally rewarding behaviour can result in what

A

reduce intrinsic motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

praising is an intrinsic/extrinsic incentive can have what effect

A

extrinsic

increase internal motication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

do unexpected external rewards decrease internal motivation

A

no they dont

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the difference between psychoactive drugs and those prescribed for mental illnesses?

A

psychoactive drugs have an immediate effect and observable impacts on a person’s outward behaviour (how they perceive and interact with the world)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

does intoxication result from psychoactive or psychotropic drugs

A

psychoactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are psychoactive drugs

A

chemicals that affect processing and behaviour by temporarily changing conscious awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what2 things do psychoactive drugs do once they’re in the brain

A

attach to synaptic receptors

either stimualte or block reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

which 3 things do psychoactive drugs affect

A

perception

memory

mood and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

define intoxication

A

Alteration in brain function from drug use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

define tolerance

A

Need to take more of a psychoactive drug to get the same effect

Single use of drug has more of an effect, but regular use has less of an effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

define withdrawal

A

Alteration in brain function from cessation of drug use

Stop taking drug after a long period of usage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

define dependence

A

Physiological/psychological

Mind or body becomes adjusted to and depends on a drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

define addiction

A

Cognitive, behavioural, and physiological symptoms, severe impairment, and distress from drug use

The drug is needed to function ‘normally’

Can be dependent but not addicted (addiction = causes issues for you)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the 4 main types of psychoactive drugs

A

stimulants

psychedelics

opiates/opioids/narcotics

depressants

34
Q

what 2 effects do stimulant’s have

A

increase arousal

speed up mental and physical activity (may cause euphoria)

35
Q

what are examples of stimulants

A 
caffeine
cocaine
meth
nicotine
amphetamines
36
Q

what do psychedelics do/what effects do they have

A

Alter perceptions of external and inner awareness (may produce hallucinations, usually visual)

37
Q

what are examples of psychedelics

A 
Acid
LSD
marijuana/cannabis (lower doses)
ecstasy/MDMA
ketamine
magic mushrooms
38
Q

what do opiates do/what effects do they have

A

Supress physical sensations and response to stimulation

Relieve pain

Induce sleep

39
Q

what are examples of opiates

A 
codeine
heroin
morphine
fentanyl
oxycontin
40
Q

what 2 effects do depressants have

A

Reduce awareness of external stimuli

Slow down bodily functions, calming

41
Q

what are examples of depressants

A

Alcohol
Barbiturates/sedatives
Benzodiazepines/tranquilizers (e.g. valium, Rohypnol)
GHB

42
Q

what are the 4 steps in the rewards pathway

A

rewarding stimulus administered

info travels to ventral tegmental area

nucleus accumbens affected

prefrontal cortex is simulated (behaviour)

43
Q

what neurotransmitter does cocaine primarily affect

what are the effects that characterise cocaine use and what can it do in terms of addiciton

A

dopamine

Contrast between euphoric highs and depressive lows

it can cause nothing else to trigger the reward system unless you take cocaine

44
Q

what area of the brain does cocaine affect

A

caudate nucleus

45
Q

what is the path of cocaine and how it affects the brain

3 steps

A

VTA -> NA -> caudate nucleus

46
Q

which 3 effects do psychedelics have and what characterises their effects

A

Lead to hallucinations/false perceptions

Altered perception of time

Euphoria In some cases

47
Q

what neurotransmitter does ecstasy MDMA affect

what 3 factors of bodily/mental functions do they affect

A

serotonin

mood, memory, sleep

48
Q

what causes the comedown from MDMA

A

Come down from MDMA as serotonin is stopped due to excess being detected at synapses of brain

49
Q

which 3 areas of the brain does cannabis affect and what effects do they have in each area

A

prefrontal cortex = emotion/behaviour

hippocampus = memory

cerebellum = coordination

50
Q

what is the path of cannabis and how it affects the brain

3 steps

what 2 mental functions do they affect

A

VTA -> NA -> CN

learning and memory

51
Q

which 4 effects do opiates have and what characterises their effects

A

Supress physical sensation and response to stimulation

Powerful effect on mood/pain/pleasure

Highly addictive

Harsh physical withdrawal symptoms

52
Q

opiates bind to the same receptors as ___

A

endorphins

53
Q

which 2 areas of the brain do opiates affect

A

prefrontal cortex = emotion and behaviour

thalamus

54
Q

what is the path of opiates and how it affects the brain

3 steps

A

VTA -> NA -> CN (learning and memory)

55
Q

what 4 factors impact the effect that depressants will have on a person

A

body mass

sleep

hydration

rate of drinking

56
Q

how do depressants work

A

Suppress glutamine and increase GABA

less excitation increased inhibition

57
Q

what is the most abused drug

A

alcohol

58
Q

Psychoactive drugs affect ___ ____ in the brain via a ___ pathway, activating areas in the ____ that receive input from the ____ system, which relates to ___ & ____.

A

Psychoactive drugs affect “pleasure centres” in the brain via a reward pathway, activating areas in the forebrain that receive input from the limbic system, which relates to mood & emotion.

59
Q

the limbic system supports which 4 functions

A

emotion

behaviour

long term memory

smell

60
Q

what are the 3 main structures in the reward pathway

A

ventral tegmental area

nucleus accumbens

prefrontal cortex

61
Q

how many stages of sleep are there and what are the 2 types of sleep in these 5 stages

A

5 stages

NREM and REM sleep

62
Q

what are the 2 wave types in waking period and what types of consciousness do they represent

A

beta (alert) and alpha (relaxed)

63
Q

what physical condition is your body and mind in when you experience beta waves in the waking period

can you hold an intelligent conversation in this period and what frequency and amplitudes are present

A

alert, eyes open and responsive to external stimuli

can you hold an intelligent conversation in this period

high frequency and low amplitude

64
Q

what physical condition is your body and mind in when you experience alpha waves in the waking period

what features marks this period and what frequency and amplitudes are present

A

when you close your eyes and begin to relax

hypnagogic images

high frequency and low amplitude

65
Q

in what order do we cycle through the 4 stages of sleep

A

from 1-4 then back through 3 and 2 before reaching REM sleep

66
Q

a complete sleep cycle takes between how many minutes

during an 8hr sleep how many cycles of sleep would you go through

A

90-110mins

5-6 cycles of sleep

67
Q

what waves are present in stage 1 of sleep

how long is this stage and what occurs during it

what is the frequency and amplitude of the waves

A

slower theta waves

stage lasts a few mins as you shift from drowsiness into sleep

decreasing frequency and slightly increasing amplitude

68
Q

what would your response be if you were woken from stage 1 sleep

A

you would likely claim you havent slept

69
Q

what waves are present in stage 2 of sleep

what occurs during it

what is the frequency and amplitude of the waves

what happens to the alpha waves

A

larger theta waves

sleep deepens and is the main body of light sleep
memory consolidation occurs and synaptic pruning takes place

theta waves interrupted by bursts of low amplitude activity (sleep spindles) and high amplitude waves

alpha waves disappear

70
Q

in stage 2 of sleep theta waves are interrupted by bursts of low amplitude activity and high amplitude waves, what are these two known as

A

sleep spindles and K-complexes

71
Q

what waves are present in stage 3 of sleep

how long is this stage and what occurs during it

how do the waves appear on EEG readings

A

delta waves

muscles relax, breathing/heart rate decreases and body temp lowers

slow waves on EEG readings

72
Q

what waves are present in stage 4 of sleep

how do the waves appear on EEG readings

A

more than 50% are delta waves

slow waves on EEG readings

73
Q

what waves are present in stage 5 of sleep

how long is this stage and what occurs during it

how do the waves appear on EEG readings

A

beta waves

paradoxical sleep
brain waves are similar to waking and most vivid dreams in this stage

high frequency and low amplitude waves

74
Q

how is sleep measured

A

brain waves measured via EEG, electrical activity in from of nerve impulses are present in sleep and their rhythms are measured by frequency and amplitude

75
Q

what are the 4 basic periodic rhythms

A

alpha
beta
delta
theta

76
Q

what are the frequency and amplitudes like in the 5 stages of sleep

A 
drowsy = high f, low a
stage 1 = low f, high a
stage 2 = high f, high a
delta sleep = high f, high a
REM sleep = low f, high a
77
Q

what are the waveforms like in the 5 stages of sleep

A 
drowsy = alpha
stage 1 = theta
stage 2 = sleep spindles and k complexes
delta sleep = delta
REM sleep = low voltage (random, fast, sawtooth waves)
78
Q

what are some biological/physiological factors that affect sleep

A 
age related change in sleep patterns
illness
jet lag
pain
medication
79
Q

what are some psychological/behavioural factors that affect sleep

A 
thinking style
anxiety/stress
shift work
daytime napping
bedtime ritual
substance use
80
Q

what are some social/environmental factors that affect sleep

A 
electronic devices
room temp
noise levels
light levels
other people
81
Q

what is stages 3 and 4 also known as

A

delta sleep/ deep sleep

82
Q

what happens to eye movement and pulse/blood pressure/respiration in REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement

pulse and blood pressure quicken
respiration becomes faster and irregular

122 HLTHPSYCH (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions