Tutorial #1 - 5 Flashcards
what is the correlation coefficient and what kind of research is it related to
correlational research
(r) measures the correlation
what is the range of correlation coefficient and what does it mean
-1 ( strong negative) to 1 (strong positive)
0 = no correlation
what is informed consent
inform potential participants of all aspects of research
what 5 things does informed consent include
what participation involves benefits/risks of participation where to get support right to withdraw decision is voluntary
what is reliability
consistency of measurement
what is validity
does it measure or assess what it claims to measure
what are confounding variables
differences between experimental and control groups other than the independent variable
key messages should influence which 5 factors when attempting to change behaviours
outcome expectancies
perceived personal relevance
attitudes
self-efficacy
perceived norms (descriptive, subjective, personal)
what are the 5 layers of the maslow hierarchy of needs from top to bottom
self-actualization
esteem
attachment
safety
biological
what is self actualisation in the maslow hierarchy of needs
needs to fulfill potential, have meaningful goals
what is esteem in the maslow hierarchy of needs
needs for confidence, sense of worth and competence, self esteem and respect of others
what is attachment in the maslow hierarchy of needs
need to belong, to affiliate, to love and be loved
what is safety in the maslow hierarchy of needs
needs for security, comfort, tranquility, freedom from fear
what is biological in the maslow hierarchy of needs
needs for food, water, oxygen, rest, sexual expression, release from tension
the maslow hierarchy of needs needs to be satisfied from top to bottom or bottom to top? before the next level is reached
is this always done in order
top to bottom
no sometimes nay need to sacrifice needs for reasons
what are incentives
stimuli that motivate behaviour although they do not related directly to biological needs
what are two types of motivation
intrinsic and extrinsic
what is intrinsic motivation
doing something for the sake of it or because its personally rewarding to you
what is extrinsic motivation
doing something because you want to earn a reward or avoid punishment
offering excessive external rewards for an already internally rewarding behaviour can result in what
reduce intrinsic motivation
praising is an intrinsic/extrinsic incentive can have what effect
extrinsic
increase internal motication
do unexpected external rewards decrease internal motivation
no they dont
what is the difference between psychoactive drugs and those prescribed for mental illnesses?
psychoactive drugs have an immediate effect and observable impacts on a person’s outward behaviour (how they perceive and interact with the world)
does intoxication result from psychoactive or psychotropic drugs
psychoactive
what are psychoactive drugs
chemicals that affect processing and behaviour by temporarily changing conscious awareness
what2 things do psychoactive drugs do once they’re in the brain
attach to synaptic receptors
either stimualte or block reactions
which 3 things do psychoactive drugs affect
perception
memory
mood and behaviour
define intoxication
Alteration in brain function from drug use
define tolerance
Need to take more of a psychoactive drug to get the same effect
Single use of drug has more of an effect, but regular use has less of an effect
define withdrawal
Alteration in brain function from cessation of drug use
Stop taking drug after a long period of usage
define dependence
Physiological/psychological
Mind or body becomes adjusted to and depends on a drug
define addiction
Cognitive, behavioural, and physiological symptoms, severe impairment, and distress from drug use
The drug is needed to function ‘normally’
Can be dependent but not addicted (addiction = causes issues for you)
what are the 4 main types of psychoactive drugs
stimulants
psychedelics
opiates/opioids/narcotics
depressants
what 2 effects do stimulant’s have
increase arousal
speed up mental and physical activity (may cause euphoria)
what are examples of stimulants
caffeine cocaine meth nicotine amphetamines
what do psychedelics do/what effects do they have
Alter perceptions of external and inner awareness (may produce hallucinations, usually visual)
what are examples of psychedelics
Acid LSD marijuana/cannabis (lower doses) ecstasy/MDMA ketamine magic mushrooms
what do opiates do/what effects do they have
Supress physical sensations and response to stimulation
Relieve pain
Induce sleep
what are examples of opiates
codeine heroin morphine fentanyl oxycontin
what 2 effects do depressants have
Reduce awareness of external stimuli
Slow down bodily functions, calming
what are examples of depressants
Alcohol
Barbiturates/sedatives
Benzodiazepines/tranquilizers (e.g. valium, Rohypnol)
GHB
what are the 4 steps in the rewards pathway
rewarding stimulus administered
info travels to ventral tegmental area
nucleus accumbens affected
prefrontal cortex is simulated (behaviour)
what neurotransmitter does cocaine primarily affect
what are the effects that characterise cocaine use and what can it do in terms of addiciton
dopamine
Contrast between euphoric highs and depressive lows
it can cause nothing else to trigger the reward system unless you take cocaine
what area of the brain does cocaine affect
caudate nucleus
what is the path of cocaine and how it affects the brain
3 steps
VTA -> NA -> caudate nucleus
which 3 effects do psychedelics have and what characterises their effects
Lead to hallucinations/false perceptions
Altered perception of time
Euphoria In some cases
what neurotransmitter does ecstasy MDMA affect
what 3 factors of bodily/mental functions do they affect
serotonin
mood, memory, sleep
what causes the comedown from MDMA
Come down from MDMA as serotonin is stopped due to excess being detected at synapses of brain
which 3 areas of the brain does cannabis affect and what effects do they have in each area
prefrontal cortex = emotion/behaviour
hippocampus = memory
cerebellum = coordination
what is the path of cannabis and how it affects the brain
3 steps
what 2 mental functions do they affect
VTA -> NA -> CN
learning and memory
which 4 effects do opiates have and what characterises their effects
Supress physical sensation and response to stimulation
Powerful effect on mood/pain/pleasure
Highly addictive
Harsh physical withdrawal symptoms
opiates bind to the same receptors as ___
endorphins
which 2 areas of the brain do opiates affect
prefrontal cortex = emotion and behaviour
thalamus
what is the path of opiates and how it affects the brain
3 steps
VTA -> NA -> CN (learning and memory)
what 4 factors impact the effect that depressants will have on a person
body mass
sleep
hydration
rate of drinking
how do depressants work
Suppress glutamine and increase GABA
less excitation increased inhibition
what is the most abused drug
alcohol
Psychoactive drugs affect ___ ____ in the brain via a ___ pathway, activating areas in the ____ that receive input from the ____ system, which relates to ___ & ____.
Psychoactive drugs affect “pleasure centres” in the brain via a reward pathway, activating areas in the forebrain that receive input from the limbic system, which relates to mood & emotion.
the limbic system supports which 4 functions
emotion
behaviour
long term memory
smell
what are the 3 main structures in the reward pathway
ventral tegmental area
nucleus accumbens
prefrontal cortex
how many stages of sleep are there and what are the 2 types of sleep in these 5 stages
5 stages
NREM and REM sleep
what are the 2 wave types in waking period and what types of consciousness do they represent
beta (alert) and alpha (relaxed)
what physical condition is your body and mind in when you experience beta waves in the waking period
can you hold an intelligent conversation in this period and what frequency and amplitudes are present
alert, eyes open and responsive to external stimuli
can you hold an intelligent conversation in this period
high frequency and low amplitude
what physical condition is your body and mind in when you experience alpha waves in the waking period
what features marks this period and what frequency and amplitudes are present
when you close your eyes and begin to relax
hypnagogic images
high frequency and low amplitude
in what order do we cycle through the 4 stages of sleep
from 1-4 then back through 3 and 2 before reaching REM sleep
a complete sleep cycle takes between how many minutes
during an 8hr sleep how many cycles of sleep would you go through
90-110mins
5-6 cycles of sleep
what waves are present in stage 1 of sleep
how long is this stage and what occurs during it
what is the frequency and amplitude of the waves
slower theta waves
stage lasts a few mins as you shift from drowsiness into sleep
decreasing frequency and slightly increasing amplitude
what would your response be if you were woken from stage 1 sleep
you would likely claim you havent slept
what waves are present in stage 2 of sleep
what occurs during it
what is the frequency and amplitude of the waves
what happens to the alpha waves
larger theta waves
sleep deepens and is the main body of light sleep
memory consolidation occurs and synaptic pruning takes place
theta waves interrupted by bursts of low amplitude activity (sleep spindles) and high amplitude waves
alpha waves disappear
in stage 2 of sleep theta waves are interrupted by bursts of low amplitude activity and high amplitude waves, what are these two known as
sleep spindles and K-complexes
what waves are present in stage 3 of sleep
how long is this stage and what occurs during it
how do the waves appear on EEG readings
delta waves
muscles relax, breathing/heart rate decreases and body temp lowers
slow waves on EEG readings
what waves are present in stage 4 of sleep
how do the waves appear on EEG readings
more than 50% are delta waves
slow waves on EEG readings
what waves are present in stage 5 of sleep
how long is this stage and what occurs during it
how do the waves appear on EEG readings
beta waves
paradoxical sleep
brain waves are similar to waking and most vivid dreams in this stage
high frequency and low amplitude waves
how is sleep measured
brain waves measured via EEG, electrical activity in from of nerve impulses are present in sleep and their rhythms are measured by frequency and amplitude
what are the 4 basic periodic rhythms
alpha
beta
delta
theta
what are the frequency and amplitudes like in the 5 stages of sleep
drowsy = high f, low a stage 1 = low f, high a stage 2 = high f, high a delta sleep = high f, high a REM sleep = low f, high a
what are the waveforms like in the 5 stages of sleep
drowsy = alpha stage 1 = theta stage 2 = sleep spindles and k complexes delta sleep = delta REM sleep = low voltage (random, fast, sawtooth waves)
what are some biological/physiological factors that affect sleep
age related change in sleep patterns illness jet lag pain medication
what are some psychological/behavioural factors that affect sleep
thinking style anxiety/stress shift work daytime napping bedtime ritual substance use
what are some social/environmental factors that affect sleep
electronic devices room temp noise levels light levels other people
what is stages 3 and 4 also known as
delta sleep/ deep sleep
what happens to eye movement and pulse/blood pressure/respiration in REM sleep
rapid eye movement
pulse and blood pressure quicken
respiration becomes faster and irregular
