Tumors Flashcards
suffix: -oma
benign tumor
suffix: -carcinoma
malignant tumor of epithelial origin
suffix: -sarcoma
malignant tumor of mesenchyme origin
examples of mesenchyme tissue
bone, cartilage, muscle
a tumor is clinically detectable after how many years
10
a tumor is clinically detectable at what size
1 cm
a tumor will double every how many days
120
once a tumor is this size, it is typically fatal
10 cm
once a tumor is 10 cm it is typically
fatal
the size of a tumor is directly related to
the number of cells
local spreading of tumors involves
invading the immediately surrounding tissue
seeding
spread within body cavities (periphery cells drop onto other organs)
metastasis
a distant spread where cells from a tumor migrate via lymph and/or blood vessels
during metastasis, CA cells spread from
a primary site to a secondary site
the majority of carcinomas prefer what kind of tissue as a secondary site
lymphatic tissue
a primary site is
the origin of the CA
a secondary site is
where the CA spread to
common secondary sites are
lymphatic tissue, liver, lungs, brain, bones
secondary sites require
- large site
- rich perfusion
metastasis: 1st step
- invasion of local tissue aided by enzymes
- emboli enters the blood/lymph vessels
invasion of local tissue is aided by
enzymes that break down cementing material between cells and allow for the tumor to proliferate and grow
once an emboli enters the vessel, how many cells survive
1 in 10,000
emboli cells are destroyed via
- defense cells
- turbulant blood flow that dislodges cells from the group and makes it easier for defence cells to target
survival of emboli cells are aided by
platelets which cover the cells protecting them
metastasis: 2nd step
- cells reach an area of least resistance (capillaries)
- they attach and proliferate (aided by cytokines and growth factor)
attachment and proliferation at a secondary site is aided by
cytokines and growth factor
what determines if a secondary site is suitable
- resources for growth and division
- protection from defences
- room to grow
what do cytokines do during metastasis
scout and determine suitability of a secondary site
metastasis: 3rd step
cell proliferation and angiogenesis
grading of tumors is more
subjective
grading of tumors is based on
histology
“I” graded tumor has
restrictive growth
“IV” graded tumor has
extensive growth
a higher grade of tumor means
more anaplasia and worse outcome
staging of tumors is more
subjective
staging of tumors is based on
a clinical approach
Staging: T indicates
size/measurement
T0 staging indicates
no evidence of tumor
T4 staging indicates
large tumor
Staging: N indicates
measurement of degree of involvement of lymph nodes
Staging: M indicates
metastasis
M0 staging indicates
no metastasis
M1 staging indicates
metastasis
an X in staging indicates
it can’t be assessed
treatment of tumors aims to
- control growth
- cure
- palliative - make comfortable
the 6 types of tumor treatment are
- surgery
- radiation
- chemotherapy
- immunotherapy
- hormone therapy
- combination therapy
tumor surgery requires
a tumor with restricted growth that is well defined
the tumor treatment that is the most direct approach is
surgery
the tumor treatment with the least side effects is
surgery
radiation affects tumors by
preventing cell proliferation by:
- free radicals that destroy cells
- disrupting/preventing DNA replication
chemotherapy targets
DNA, RNA, enzymes and protein synthesis
immunotherapy works by
administering cytokines, Ab, Ags and cultured cells that target malignant cells
- Ag that have resemblance to malignant cells
- immune cells that recognize malignant cells
hormone therapy works by
cutting off hormones that feed hormone responsive tumors which disrupts cell function
combination therapy usually involves
surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
combination therapy is usually used for
advances disease or difficult to cure
problems with tumor treatment
- side effects
- hard to restrict to malignant cells
- normal rapidly proliferating cells are targeted too
- recurrence of growth despite cure
