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Bio 252 > Tumors > Flashcards

Tumors Flashcards

1
Q

suffix: -oma

A

benign tumor

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2
Q

suffix: -carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of epithelial origin

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3
Q

suffix: -sarcoma

A

malignant tumor of mesenchyme origin

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4
Q

examples of mesenchyme tissue

A

bone, cartilage, muscle

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5
Q

a tumor is clinically detectable after how many years

A

10

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6
Q

a tumor is clinically detectable at what size

A

1 cm

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7
Q

a tumor will double every how many days

A

120

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8
Q

once a tumor is this size, it is typically fatal

A

10 cm

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9
Q

once a tumor is 10 cm it is typically

A

fatal

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10
Q

the size of a tumor is directly related to

A

the number of cells

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11
Q

local spreading of tumors involves

A

invading the immediately surrounding tissue

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12
Q

seeding

A

spread within body cavities (periphery cells drop onto other organs)

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13
Q

metastasis

A

a distant spread where cells from a tumor migrate via lymph and/or blood vessels

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14
Q

during metastasis, CA cells spread from

A

a primary site to a secondary site

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15
Q

the majority of carcinomas prefer what kind of tissue as a secondary site

A

lymphatic tissue

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16
Q

a primary site is

A

the origin of the CA

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17
Q

a secondary site is

A

where the CA spread to

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18
Q

common secondary sites are

A

lymphatic tissue, liver, lungs, brain, bones

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19
Q

secondary sites require

A
  • large site

- rich perfusion

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20
Q

metastasis: 1st step

A
  • invasion of local tissue aided by enzymes

- emboli enters the blood/lymph vessels

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21
Q

invasion of local tissue is aided by

A

enzymes that break down cementing material between cells and allow for the tumor to proliferate and grow

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22
Q

once an emboli enters the vessel, how many cells survive

A

1 in 10,000

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23
Q

emboli cells are destroyed via

A
  • defense cells

- turbulant blood flow that dislodges cells from the group and makes it easier for defence cells to target

24
Q

survival of emboli cells are aided by

A

platelets which cover the cells protecting them

25
metastasis: 2nd step
- cells reach an area of least resistance (capillaries) | - they attach and proliferate (aided by cytokines and growth factor)
26
attachment and proliferation at a secondary site is aided by
cytokines and growth factor
27
what determines if a secondary site is suitable
- resources for growth and division - protection from defences - room to grow
28
what do cytokines do during metastasis
scout and determine suitability of a secondary site
29
metastasis: 3rd step
cell proliferation and angiogenesis
30
grading of tumors is more
subjective
31
grading of tumors is based on
histology
32
"I" graded tumor has
restrictive growth
33
"IV" graded tumor has
extensive growth
34
a higher grade of tumor means
more anaplasia and worse outcome
35
staging of tumors is more
subjective
36
staging of tumors is based on
a clinical approach
37
Staging: T indicates
size/measurement
38
T0 staging indicates
no evidence of tumor
39
T4 staging indicates
large tumor
40
Staging: N indicates
measurement of degree of involvement of lymph nodes
41
Staging: M indicates
metastasis
42
M0 staging indicates
no metastasis
43
M1 staging indicates
metastasis
44
an X in staging indicates
it can't be assessed
45
treatment of tumors aims to
- control growth - cure - palliative - make comfortable
46
the 6 types of tumor treatment are
- surgery - radiation - chemotherapy - immunotherapy - hormone therapy - combination therapy
47
tumor surgery requires
a tumor with restricted growth that is well defined
48
the tumor treatment that is the most direct approach is
surgery
49
the tumor treatment with the least side effects is
surgery
50
radiation affects tumors by
preventing cell proliferation by: - free radicals that destroy cells - disrupting/preventing DNA replication
51
chemotherapy targets
DNA, RNA, enzymes and protein synthesis
52
immunotherapy works by
administering cytokines, Ab, Ags and cultured cells that target malignant cells - Ag that have resemblance to malignant cells - immune cells that recognize malignant cells
53
hormone therapy works by
cutting off hormones that feed hormone responsive tumors which disrupts cell function
54
combination therapy usually involves
surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
55
combination therapy is usually used for
advances disease or difficult to cure
56
problems with tumor treatment
- side effects - hard to restrict to malignant cells - normal rapidly proliferating cells are targeted too - recurrence of growth despite cure

Bio 252 (15 decks)

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