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Bio 252 > Tumors > Flashcards

Tumors Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

suffix: -oma

A

benign tumor

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2
Q

suffix: -carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of epithelial origin

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3
Q

suffix: -sarcoma

A

malignant tumor of mesenchyme origin

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4
Q

examples of mesenchyme tissue

A

bone, cartilage, muscle

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5
Q

a tumor is clinically detectable after how many years

A

10

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6
Q

a tumor is clinically detectable at what size

A

1 cm

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7
Q

a tumor will double every how many days

A

120

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8
Q

once a tumor is this size, it is typically fatal

A

10 cm

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9
Q

once a tumor is 10 cm it is typically

A

fatal

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10
Q

the size of a tumor is directly related to

A

the number of cells

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11
Q

local spreading of tumors involves

A

invading the immediately surrounding tissue

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12
Q

seeding

A

spread within body cavities (periphery cells drop onto other organs)

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13
Q

metastasis

A

a distant spread where cells from a tumor migrate via lymph and/or blood vessels

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14
Q

during metastasis, CA cells spread from

A

a primary site to a secondary site

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15
Q

the majority of carcinomas prefer what kind of tissue as a secondary site

A

lymphatic tissue

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16
Q

a primary site is

A

the origin of the CA

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17
Q

a secondary site is

A

where the CA spread to

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18
Q

common secondary sites are

A

lymphatic tissue, liver, lungs, brain, bones

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19
Q

secondary sites require

A
  • large site

- rich perfusion

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20
Q

metastasis: 1st step

A
  • invasion of local tissue aided by enzymes

- emboli enters the blood/lymph vessels

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21
Q

invasion of local tissue is aided by

A

enzymes that break down cementing material between cells and allow for the tumor to proliferate and grow

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22
Q

once an emboli enters the vessel, how many cells survive

A

1 in 10,000

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23
Q

emboli cells are destroyed via

A
  • defense cells

- turbulant blood flow that dislodges cells from the group and makes it easier for defence cells to target

24
Q

survival of emboli cells are aided by

A

platelets which cover the cells protecting them

25
Q

metastasis: 2nd step

A
  • cells reach an area of least resistance (capillaries)

- they attach and proliferate (aided by cytokines and growth factor)

26
Q

attachment and proliferation at a secondary site is aided by

A

cytokines and growth factor

27
Q

what determines if a secondary site is suitable

A
  • resources for growth and division
  • protection from defences
  • room to grow
28
Q

what do cytokines do during metastasis

A

scout and determine suitability of a secondary site

29
Q

metastasis: 3rd step

A

cell proliferation and angiogenesis

30
Q

grading of tumors is more

A

subjective

31
Q

grading of tumors is based on

A

histology

32
Q

“I” graded tumor has

A

restrictive growth

33
Q

“IV” graded tumor has

A

extensive growth

34
Q

a higher grade of tumor means

A

more anaplasia and worse outcome

35
Q

staging of tumors is more

A

subjective

36
Q

staging of tumors is based on

A

a clinical approach

37
Q

Staging: T indicates

A

size/measurement

38
Q

T0 staging indicates

A

no evidence of tumor

39
Q

T4 staging indicates

A

large tumor

40
Q

Staging: N indicates

A

measurement of degree of involvement of lymph nodes

41
Q

Staging: M indicates

A

metastasis

42
Q

M0 staging indicates

A

no metastasis

43
Q

M1 staging indicates

A

metastasis

44
Q

an X in staging indicates

A

it can’t be assessed

45
Q

treatment of tumors aims to

A
  • control growth
  • cure
  • palliative - make comfortable
46
Q

the 6 types of tumor treatment are

A
  • surgery
  • radiation
  • chemotherapy
  • immunotherapy
  • hormone therapy
  • combination therapy
47
Q

tumor surgery requires

A

a tumor with restricted growth that is well defined

48
Q

the tumor treatment that is the most direct approach is

A

surgery

49
Q

the tumor treatment with the least side effects is

A

surgery

50
Q

radiation affects tumors by

A

preventing cell proliferation by:

  • free radicals that destroy cells
  • disrupting/preventing DNA replication
51
Q

chemotherapy targets

A

DNA, RNA, enzymes and protein synthesis

52
Q

immunotherapy works by

A

administering cytokines, Ab, Ags and cultured cells that target malignant cells

  • Ag that have resemblance to malignant cells
  • immune cells that recognize malignant cells
53
Q

hormone therapy works by

A

cutting off hormones that feed hormone responsive tumors which disrupts cell function

54
Q

combination therapy usually involves

A

surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

55
Q

combination therapy is usually used for

A

advances disease or difficult to cure

56
Q

problems with tumor treatment

A
  • side effects
  • hard to restrict to malignant cells
  • normal rapidly proliferating cells are targeted too
  • recurrence of growth despite cure

Bio 252 (15 decks)

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