heart failure Flashcards
1
Q
what is a syndrome
A
a collection of manifestations
2
Q
what type of shock is CHF an example of
A
cardiogenic
3
Q
causes of CHF
A
- MI
- valvular disease
- cardiomyopathy
- uncontrolled HTN
- CAD
4
Q
risk factors for CHF
A
- smoking
- dyslipidemia
- HTN
- ischemic heart disease
- type 2 diabetes + metabolic syndrome
5
Q
normally CO can increase by how much?
A
5 times
6
Q
manifestations of left-sided HF
A
- activity intolerance
- cyanosis
- hypoxia
- orthopnea
- cough (with frothy sputum)
- paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
7
Q
manifestations of right-sided HF
A
- dependent edema
- ascites (GI distress)
- anorexia, weight loss
- impaired liver function
8
Q
what is compensated heart failure
A
compensatory mechanisms are triggered which mask manifestations
9
Q
list the 6 compensatory mechanisms of HF
A
- frank starling law
- SNS
- RAAS
- natriuretic peptides
- endothelins
- cardiac hypertrophy + remodelling
10
Q
the SNS aims to increase CO by
A
- tachycardia
- vasoconstriction
- increased contractility
11
Q
name 2 natriuretic peptides and where they are secreted from
A
- atrial natriuretic peptide: heart muscle
- brain natriuretic peptide: ventricles d/t excessive stretching of heart muscle cells
12
Q
what do natriuretic peptides cause
A
potent diuresis and natriuresis
13
Q
what do endothelins cause
A
vasoconstriction
14
Q
manifestations of CHF
A
- symptoms of impaired pumping (hypoperfusion, hypoxia, acidosis)
- in compensatory phase will be asymptomatic but have symptoms of compensation (high HR/BP, low blood volume, increased contractility, vasoconstriction)
15
Q
diagnosis of CHF
A
- history (risk factors)
- labs (anemia, electrolytes, liver fx, renal fx)
- ECG, echo
