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Bio 252 > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is inflammation

A

a local response of vascular tissue to cell injury/death

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2
Q

3 aims of inflammation

A
  • prevent spread (localize injurious agent)
  • removes agent, damaged cells, debris
  • assist with healing
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3
Q

whenever inflammation occurs there is always

A

tissue damage

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4
Q

the suffix for inflammation is

A

-itis

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5
Q

clinical/cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  • erythema
  • swelling
  • warmth
  • pain
  • loss of fx
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6
Q

what are the 2 responses of acute inflammation

A
  • vascular

- cellular

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7
Q

what are the 3 main stages of the vascular response of acute inflammation

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • vasodilation
  • increased permeability
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8
Q

during acute inflammation, vasoconstriction is what kind of response

A

a neuro response

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9
Q

during acute inflammation, what is the purpose of vasoconstriction

A
  • minimize blood loss and reduce flow in order for a clot to form
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10
Q

during acute inflammation, why is the vasoconstriction phase so short

A

because resources and nutrients for healing must reach the site

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11
Q

during acute inflammation, injury activates what

A

plasma and inflammation cell mediators

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12
Q

what are 2 examples of inflammation cell mediators

A

histamines and prostaglandin

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13
Q

during acute inflammation, inflammation cell mediators trigger what

A

vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels

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14
Q

during acute inflammation, what does vasodilation cause

A

increased blood flow to the area (hyperemia)

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15
Q

during acute inflammation, why does exudate form in the tissue

A

due to increased permeability of the blood vessels

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16
Q

during acute inflammation, what is the fluid shift

A

when fluid (exudate) moves out of the blood vessels and into the tissue

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17
Q

during acute inflammation, what does the fluid shift cause

A

swelling, and therefore pain and loss of function

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18
Q

during acute inflammation, histamine causes what 2 processes

A
  • vasodilation

- permeability

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19
Q

during acute inflammation, prostaglandin causes what 3 processes

A
  • vasodilation
  • permeability
  • pain
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20
Q

during vasodilation what do erythrocytes do

A

they stack in the rouleau formation

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21
Q

what are 2 manifestations of hyperemia

A
  • erythema

- warmth

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22
Q

what is diapedesis

A

when cells move out of the blood vessels with fluid from the blood (exudate)

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23
Q

what are the 3 stages of the cellular response of acute inflammation

A
  • chemotaxis
  • margination
  • diapedesis
24
Q

what is chemotaxis (inflammation)

A

mediators attract neutrophils and other leukocytes to the site of injury

25
Q

explain what happens during margination (inflammation)

A

selectins (adhesion molecules) help neutrophils to attach to the endothelium

26
Q

explain what happens during the diapedesis (transmigration) phase of inflammation

A

cells enter the interstitial space which allows for phagocytosis of microbes and debris

27
Q

what 3 processes occur during chronic inflammation

A
  • angiogenesis
  • fibrosis
  • necrosis
28
Q

what are the 5 types of exudate

A
  • serous
  • purulent (suppurative)
  • hemorrhagic
  • membranous
  • fibrinous
29
Q

what are the main components of serous exudate? what does it indicate?

A 
mostly fluid (serum), few proteins and cells.
indicates mild injury
30
Q

what are the main components of purulent (suppurative) exudate? what does it look like? what does it indicate?

A

pus = necrotic debris, WBC, proteins
cloudy, thick, foul smell
more severe injury, likely bacterial infection

31
Q

what does hemorrhagic exudate contain? what does it indicate?

A

RBC’s due to severed vessels

indicates severe injury

32
Q

what does membranous exudate contain? what does it look like?

A

necrotic cells in fibropurulent exudate

appears membranous due to fibers

33
Q

what does fibrinous exudate contain? what does it look like?

A

fibrogen

appears like sticky, mesh

34
Q

what 3 things do all exudates contain in varying amounts

A
  • fluid
  • cells
  • protein
35
Q

what are some symptoms of systemic manifestations

A

malaise, headache, fatigue, fever

36
Q

is fever a deliberate process

A

no

37
Q

what is the temperature set point of the body

A

hypothalamus

38
Q

what are 3 things fever does

A
  • increases rate of cellular repair
  • decreases growth/reproduction of pathogens
  • enhances phagocytosis and immune response
39
Q

what are pyrogens

A

fever causing chemicals

40
Q

exogenous pyrogens are released by

A

bacteria

41
Q

endogenous pyrogens are released by

A

defense cells

42
Q

explain the process of triggering a fever

A
  • bacteria release exogenous pyrogens
  • exo. pyrogens trigger endogenous pyrogens
  • endo. pyrogens cause synthesis of PGE2
  • PGE2 binds to the hypothalamic receptor
  • this binding triggers the temperature set point to adjust via cAMP
43
Q

what is PGE2

A

prostaglandin type E2

44
Q

what are serum markers

A

markers that are present in the serum and are specific for certain diseases

45
Q

what is CRP and what does it indicate

A

C- reactive protein - a serum marker

inflammation

46
Q

what does CRP help with

A

aids complement with defense

47
Q

is CRP a specific or non specific marker of inflammation

A

non specific

48
Q

should we treat inflammation?

A

only if it is causing pain

inflammation is beneficial for healing

49
Q

what is the process for treating inflammation

A
  • apply cold
  • elevate
  • apply pressure
  • later apply heat
50
Q

what does applying cold to inflammation do

A

decreases vasodilation which decreases swelling

51
Q

why does elevation help treat inflammation

A

blood must work against gravity

therefore decreases hyperemia and blood flow - decreases swelling

52
Q

what does applying pressure to inflammation do?

A

opposes the formation of exudate (in interstitial fluid)

decreases blood flow

53
Q

what does applying heat to inflammation do

A

increases phagocytosis and the immune response

54
Q

what do NSAIDS act on

A

decrease prostaglandin synthesis which decreases pain

55
Q

why are steroidal anti-inflammatory drug useful

A

they are very efficient

56
Q

steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause what

A

very pressing side effects

57
Q

what do steoidal anti-inflammatory drugs act on

A
  • decrease permeability (decrease exudate formation)
  • decrease mediator release (inflm relies of mediators)
  • inhibit leukocyte and mast cell activity at the site

Bio 252 (15 decks)

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