Inflammation

Question 1

what is inflammation

Answer 1

a local response of vascular tissue to cell injury/death

Question 2

3 aims of inflammation

Answer 2

• prevent spread (localize injurious agent)
• removes agent, damaged cells, debris
• assist with healing

Question 3

whenever inflammation occurs there is always

Answer 3

tissue damage

Question 4

the suffix for inflammation is

Answer 4

-itis

Question 5

clinical/cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 5

• erythema
• swelling
• warmth
• pain
• loss of fx

Question 6

what are the 2 responses of acute inflammation

Answer 6

• vascular

- cellular

Question 7

what are the 3 main stages of the vascular response of acute inflammation

Answer 7

• vasoconstriction
• vasodilation
• increased permeability

Question 8

during acute inflammation, vasoconstriction is what kind of response

Answer 8

a neuro response

Question 9

during acute inflammation, what is the purpose of vasoconstriction

Answer 9

• minimize blood loss and reduce flow in order for a clot to form

Question 10

during acute inflammation, why is the vasoconstriction phase so short

Answer 10

because resources and nutrients for healing must reach the site

Question 11

during acute inflammation, injury activates what

Answer 11

plasma and inflammation cell mediators

Question 12

what are 2 examples of inflammation cell mediators

Answer 12

histamines and prostaglandin

Question 13

during acute inflammation, inflammation cell mediators trigger what

Answer 13

vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels

Question 14

during acute inflammation, what does vasodilation cause

Answer 14

increased blood flow to the area (hyperemia)

Question 15

during acute inflammation, why does exudate form in the tissue

Answer 15

due to increased permeability of the blood vessels

Question 16

during acute inflammation, what is the fluid shift

Answer 16

when fluid (exudate) moves out of the blood vessels and into the tissue

Question 17

during acute inflammation, what does the fluid shift cause

Answer 17

swelling, and therefore pain and loss of function

Question 18

during acute inflammation, histamine causes what 2 processes

Answer 18

• vasodilation

- permeability

Question 19

during acute inflammation, prostaglandin causes what 3 processes

Answer 19

• vasodilation
• permeability
• pain

Question 20

during vasodilation what do erythrocytes do

Answer 20

they stack in the rouleau formation

Question 21

what are 2 manifestations of hyperemia

Answer 21

• erythema

- warmth

Question 22

what is diapedesis

Answer 22

when cells move out of the blood vessels with fluid from the blood (exudate)

Question 23

what are the 3 stages of the cellular response of acute inflammation

Answer 23

• chemotaxis
• margination
• diapedesis

Question 24

what is chemotaxis (inflammation)

Answer 24

mediators attract neutrophils and other leukocytes to the site of injury

Question 25

explain what happens during margination (inflammation)

Answer 25

selectins (adhesion molecules) help neutrophils to attach to the endothelium

Question 26

explain what happens during the diapedesis (transmigration) phase of inflammation

Answer 26

cells enter the interstitial space which allows for phagocytosis of microbes and debris

Question 27

what 3 processes occur during chronic inflammation

Answer 27

- angiogenesis - fibrosis - necrosis

Question 28

what are the 5 types of exudate

Answer 28

- serous - purulent (suppurative) - hemorrhagic - membranous - fibrinous

Question 29

what are the main components of serous exudate? what does it indicate?

Answer 29

``` mostly fluid (serum), few proteins and cells. indicates mild injury ```

Question 30

what are the main components of purulent (suppurative) exudate? what does it look like? what does it indicate?

Answer 30

pus = necrotic debris, WBC, proteins cloudy, thick, foul smell more severe injury, likely bacterial infection

Question 31

what does hemorrhagic exudate contain? what does it indicate?

Answer 31

RBC's due to severed vessels | indicates severe injury

Question 32

what does membranous exudate contain? what does it look like?

Answer 32

necrotic cells in fibropurulent exudate | appears membranous due to fibers

Question 33

what does fibrinous exudate contain? what does it look like?

Answer 33

fibrogen | appears like sticky, mesh

Question 34

what 3 things do all exudates contain in varying amounts

Answer 34

- fluid - cells - protein

Question 35

what are some symptoms of systemic manifestations

Answer 35

malaise, headache, fatigue, fever

Question 36

is fever a deliberate process

Answer 36

no

Question 37

what is the temperature set point of the body

Answer 37

hypothalamus

Question 38

what are 3 things fever does

Answer 38

- increases rate of cellular repair - decreases growth/reproduction of pathogens - enhances phagocytosis and immune response

Question 39

what are pyrogens

Answer 39

fever causing chemicals

Question 40

exogenous pyrogens are released by

Answer 40

bacteria

Question 41

endogenous pyrogens are released by

Answer 41

defense cells

Question 42

explain the process of triggering a fever

Answer 42

- bacteria release exogenous pyrogens - exo. pyrogens trigger endogenous pyrogens - endo. pyrogens cause synthesis of PGE2 - PGE2 binds to the hypothalamic receptor - this binding triggers the temperature set point to adjust via cAMP

Question 43

what is PGE2

Answer 43

prostaglandin type E2

Question 44

what are serum markers

Answer 44

markers that are present in the serum and are specific for certain diseases

Question 45

what is CRP and what does it indicate

Answer 45

C- reactive protein - a serum marker | inflammation

Question 46

what does CRP help with

Answer 46

aids complement with defense

Question 47

is CRP a specific or non specific marker of inflammation

Answer 47

non specific

Question 48

should we treat inflammation?

Answer 48

only if it is causing pain | inflammation is beneficial for healing

Question 49

what is the process for treating inflammation

Answer 49

- apply cold - elevate - apply pressure - later apply heat

Question 50

what does applying cold to inflammation do

Answer 50

decreases vasodilation which decreases swelling

Question 51

why does elevation help treat inflammation

Answer 51

blood must work against gravity | therefore decreases hyperemia and blood flow - decreases swelling

Question 52

what does applying pressure to inflammation do?

Answer 52

opposes the formation of exudate (in interstitial fluid) | decreases blood flow

Question 53

what does applying heat to inflammation do

Answer 53

increases phagocytosis and the immune response

Question 54

what do NSAIDS act on

Answer 54

decrease prostaglandin synthesis which decreases pain

Question 55

why are steroidal anti-inflammatory drug useful

Answer 55

they are very efficient

Question 56

steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause what

Answer 56

very pressing side effects

Question 57

what do steoidal anti-inflammatory drugs act on

Answer 57

- decrease permeability (decrease exudate formation) - decrease mediator release (inflm relies of mediators) - inhibit leukocyte and mast cell activity at the site