cell injury/death

Question 1

what is atrophy, and what happens

Answer 1

• decrease in cell size
• reduced consumption of oxygen and other cell functions by decreasing the number and size of organelles
• lower level of functioning

Question 2

5 causes of atrophy

Answer 2

• disuse
• denervation
• loss of endocrine stimulation
• inadequate nutrition
• ischemia

Question 3

what is hypertrophy and why does it occur

Answer 3

• increase cell size

- increased workload imposed by an organ/body part

Question 4

what are the 2 types of hypertrophy

Answer 4

• normal physiological (increased muscle mass with exercise)

- abnormal pathologic (thickening of urinary bladder from long term obstruction of urine outflow)

Question 5

what is compensatory hypertrophy

Answer 5

ex. one kidney is removed and the other enlarges to compensate

Question 6

what is hyperplasia

Answer 6

an increased number of cells

Question 7

what are the 2 types of hyperplasia

Answer 7

• hormonal (breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy)

- compensatory (regeneration of the liver after partial removal)

Question 8

what is hyperplasia vital for

Answer 8

wound healing

Question 9

what is metaplasia

Answer 9

replacing one cell type with another cell type

Question 10

what does metaplasia occur in response to

Answer 10

chronic irritation and inflammation

Question 11

what is dysplasia

Answer 11

disorganization of cells

Question 12

what does dysplasia look like

Answer 12

varied cell size, shape, and organization

Question 13

what is dysplasia associated with

Answer 13

cancer

Question 14

what is anaplasia

Answer 14

an advanced form of dysplasia

Question 15

the 3 mechanisms of cell injury

Answer 15

• free radical production
• hypoxic cell injury
• impaired calcium homeostasis

Question 16

what are free radicals

Answer 16

• reactive, unstable, toxic chemicals

- have an odd, unpaired outer electron

Question 17

what is oxidization

Answer 17

stealing an electron from the closest molecule in order to become stable, which causes that molecule to become a free radical

Question 18

what do antioxidants do

Answer 18

counteract oxidization by donating electrons

Question 19

what is oxidative stress

Answer 19

when the generation of free radicals exceeds the ability of the body to neutralize or eliminate them

Question 20

what does oxidative stress likely play a role in

Answer 20

cancer development

Question 21

what is ATP

Answer 21

energy for cells

Question 22

what does hypoxia do to cells

Answer 22

deprives the cell of oxygen and interrupts oxidative metabolism and the generation of ATP

Question 23

what is required for ATP production

Answer 23

oxygen, for aerobic cellular respiration

Question 24

how many ATP molecules does aerobic cellular respiration yield

Answer 24

34

Question 25

how does the body produce ATP without oxygen

Answer 25

glycolysis (anaerobic cellular respiration)

Question 26

how many ATP molecules does glycolysis yield

Answer 26

2

Question 27

increased calcium concentration in the cell causes what

Answer 27

activation of enzymes that cause cell damage

Question 28

what is apoptosis

Answer 28

programmed cell death

Question 29

apoptosis is considered what kind of process

Answer 29

a selective process

Question 30

apoptosis eliminates what

Answer 30

injured and aged cells

Question 31

what type of cell death causes inflammation

Answer 31

necrosis

Question 32

what is necrosis

Answer 32

cell death of an organ/tissue that is still part of a living organism

Question 33

necrosis triggers what

Answer 33

inflammation

Question 34

necrosis interferes with what processes

Answer 34

cell replacement and tissue regeneration

Question 35

necrosis causes marked changes in what

Answer 35

the appearance of the cytoplasmic contents and the nucleus

Question 36

what are the 3 paths of necrosis

Answer 36

• liquification
• coagulation
• caseous

Question 37

what is gangrene

Answer 37

when a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis

Question 38

what are the 2 types of gangrene

Answer 38

• dry

- wet

Question 39

what does dry gangrene result from

Answer 39

interference of arterial blood supply without the interference of venous return

Question 40

with dry gangrene you can visibly see what

Answer 40

a lime of demarcation

Question 41

wet gangrene results from what

Answer 41

interference with venous return

Question 42

the extent of cell injury depends on

Answer 42

• cell type
• loss of perfusion
• intensity
• duration