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Bio 252 > cell injury/death > Flashcards

cell injury/death Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is atrophy, and what happens

A
  • decrease in cell size
  • reduced consumption of oxygen and other cell functions by decreasing the number and size of organelles
  • lower level of functioning
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2
Q

5 causes of atrophy

A
  • disuse
  • denervation
  • loss of endocrine stimulation
  • inadequate nutrition
  • ischemia
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3
Q

what is hypertrophy and why does it occur

A
  • increase cell size

- increased workload imposed by an organ/body part

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4
Q

what are the 2 types of hypertrophy

A
  • normal physiological (increased muscle mass with exercise)

- abnormal pathologic (thickening of urinary bladder from long term obstruction of urine outflow)

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5
Q

what is compensatory hypertrophy

A

ex. one kidney is removed and the other enlarges to compensate

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6
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

an increased number of cells

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of hyperplasia

A
  • hormonal (breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy)

- compensatory (regeneration of the liver after partial removal)

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8
Q

what is hyperplasia vital for

A

wound healing

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9
Q

what is metaplasia

A

replacing one cell type with another cell type

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10
Q

what does metaplasia occur in response to

A

chronic irritation and inflammation

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11
Q

what is dysplasia

A

disorganization of cells

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12
Q

what does dysplasia look like

A

varied cell size, shape, and organization

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13
Q

what is dysplasia associated with

A

cancer

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14
Q

what is anaplasia

A

an advanced form of dysplasia

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15
Q

the 3 mechanisms of cell injury

A
  • free radical production
  • hypoxic cell injury
  • impaired calcium homeostasis
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16
Q

what are free radicals

A
  • reactive, unstable, toxic chemicals

- have an odd, unpaired outer electron

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17
Q

what is oxidization

A

stealing an electron from the closest molecule in order to become stable, which causes that molecule to become a free radical

18
Q

what do antioxidants do

A

counteract oxidization by donating electrons

19
Q

what is oxidative stress

A

when the generation of free radicals exceeds the ability of the body to neutralize or eliminate them

20
Q

what does oxidative stress likely play a role in

A

cancer development

21
Q

what is ATP

A

energy for cells

22
Q

what does hypoxia do to cells

A

deprives the cell of oxygen and interrupts oxidative metabolism and the generation of ATP

23
Q

what is required for ATP production

A

oxygen, for aerobic cellular respiration

24
Q

how many ATP molecules does aerobic cellular respiration yield

A

34

25
Q

how does the body produce ATP without oxygen

A

glycolysis (anaerobic cellular respiration)

26
Q

how many ATP molecules does glycolysis yield

A

2

27
Q

increased calcium concentration in the cell causes what

A

activation of enzymes that cause cell damage

28
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

29
Q

apoptosis is considered what kind of process

A

a selective process

30
Q

apoptosis eliminates what

A

injured and aged cells

31
Q

what type of cell death causes inflammation

A

necrosis

32
Q

what is necrosis

A

cell death of an organ/tissue that is still part of a living organism

33
Q

necrosis triggers what

A

inflammation

34
Q

necrosis interferes with what processes

A

cell replacement and tissue regeneration

35
Q

necrosis causes marked changes in what

A

the appearance of the cytoplasmic contents and the nucleus

36
Q

what are the 3 paths of necrosis

A
  • liquification
  • coagulation
  • caseous
37
Q

what is gangrene

A

when a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis

38
Q

what are the 2 types of gangrene

A
  • dry

- wet

39
Q

what does dry gangrene result from

A

interference of arterial blood supply without the interference of venous return

40
Q

with dry gangrene you can visibly see what

A

a lime of demarcation

41
Q

wet gangrene results from what

A

interference with venous return

42
Q

the extent of cell injury depends on

A
  • cell type
  • loss of perfusion
  • intensity
  • duration

Bio 252 (15 decks)

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