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Bio 252 > blood disorders > Flashcards

blood disorders Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what type of tissue does lymphoma arise from

A

peripheral lymphoid tissue

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2
Q

which type of lymphoma is more common in men

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

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3
Q

characteristics of Hodgkin lymphoma

A
  • rare
  • high cure rate
  • more common in men
  • familial pattern
  • Reed sterning cells
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4
Q

what is the peak of incidence of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

early 20’s and over 50

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5
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in who (specifically)

A

immunosuppressed and those exposed to agent orange

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6
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma spreads by what

A

contiguous extension

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7
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma has what kind of origin

A

unicentric (single node)

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8
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma requires what essential diagnosis criteria

A

the reed sternberg cell

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9
Q

what are the two subgroups of Hodgkin lymphoma

A
  • nodular sclerosis

- mixed cellularity

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10
Q

what type of Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in women

A

nodular sclerosis

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11
Q

what type of Hodgkin lymphoma has a worse prognosis

A

nodular sclerosis

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12
Q

what type of Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in men

A

mixed cellularity

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13
Q

does mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma have a better or worse prognosis

A

better prognosis, but more constitutional problems

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14
Q

manifestations of Hodgkin lymphoma

A
  • enlargement of 1/more lymph nodes on the neck
  • pruritis
  • pain at the tumor site w/ alcohol use
  • herpes zoster infections
  • B symptoms
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15
Q

what are the B symptoms

A
  • weight loss (>10%)
  • fever without chills
  • drenching night sweats
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16
Q

B symptoms are found in what % of patients

A

40% of patients

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17
Q

B symptoms are common with what

A

advanced disease

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18
Q

diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma

A
  • labs (mild anemia, elevated/decreased lymphocytes)

- lymph node biopsy + reed sternberg cell

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19
Q

treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma is determined by what

A

stage

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20
Q

limited stage Hodgkin lymphoma is treated with

A

2-4 months of chemo followed by radiation

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21
Q

advanced stage Hodgkin lymphoma is treated with

A

chemo

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22
Q

advanced or refractory stage Hodgkin lymphoma is treated with

A

transplant (marrow/stem cell)

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23
Q

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma involves what type of cells

A

B cell or T cell neoplasms

95% B cell

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24
Q

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma originates where

A

multiple lymph nodes

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25
Q

where does Non-Hodgkin lymphoma spread to

A

lymphoid tissue (spleen, liver, bone marrow)

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26
Q

what type of lymphoma has unpredictable spread that is not localized

A

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

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27
Q

incidence of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma increases by

A

decade

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28
Q

the median age of diagnosis for Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is

A

67

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29
Q

what is the itiology of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

unknown

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30
Q

what are the subtypes of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A
  • diffuse large B cell lymphoma (30%)

- follicular lymphoma (22%)

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31
Q

manifestations of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

initially few/no symptoms

  • abnormal node size/consistency
  • B symptoms
  • decreased organ fx (pulmonary, renal, spleen, CNS)
  • increased susceptibility to infection
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32
Q

diagnosis of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A
  • lymph node biopsy
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33
Q

how is treatment of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma selected

A

through immunophenotyping and scans (CT, MRI, PET, bone)

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34
Q

treatment of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

dependent on stage

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35
Q

treatment of early stage Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

localized radiation and chemo

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36
Q

treatment of aggressive Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

combination chemo + immunotherapy

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37
Q

treatment of highly resistant Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

bone marrow + peripheral stem cell transplant

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38
Q

what is leukemia

A

proliferation of malignant WBC in circulation

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39
Q

leukemia is most common in who

A

children and young adults

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40
Q

what are the 2 forms of leukemia

A
  • lymphocytic

- myelogenous

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41
Q

lymphocytic leukemia involves what

A

CA of the lymphoid stem cell line (lymphocytes)

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42
Q

myelogenous leukemia involves what

A

CA of the myeloid stem cell line (monocytes, granulocytes)

43
Q

what type of leukemia involves blast cells

A

acute

44
Q

leukemia impacts normal RBC which will cause

A

hypoxia

45
Q

leukemia impacts normal WBC which will cause

A

impaired defense

46
Q

what is the etiology of leukemia

A

idiopathic, but requires a mutated gene (oncogene)

47
Q

risk factors for leukemia

A
  • immunodeficiency
  • T cell leukemia virus
  • genetic predisposition
  • radiation exposure
48
Q

manifestations of leukemia

A
  • leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia
  • bleeding/bruising
  • recurrent infection
  • fatigue, weakness
  • fever in absence of infection
  • general pain
49
Q

why does someone with leukemia experience bleeding/bruising

A

d/t inadequate oxygen and ATP production (d/t impacted RBC)

50
Q

why does someone with leukemia experience fatigue and weakness

A

d/t decreased oxygen (d/t impacted RBC)

51
Q

how is leukemia diagnosed

A

blood and bone marrow evaluation

52
Q

treatment of leukemia

A
  • chemo + radiation
  • antimicrobials
  • colony-stimulating factors
  • blood transfusions
  • marrow/stem cell transplant
53
Q

why is colony stimulating factor used for leukemia treatment

A

stimulates growth factor secretion by the bone marrow which promotes growth and differentiation of stem cells

54
Q

what are the 4 stages of chemo + radiation treatment with leukemia

A
  • induction (induce remission)
  • CNS prophylaxis (deliver chemo via lumbar puncture)
  • consolidation (once remission begins, intensify chemo to reduce leukemia cells)
  • maintenance (decreased dosage maintained for 2 years)
55
Q

what is the most common blood disorder

A

anemia

56
Q

anemia is due to what

A

a RBC and/or Hb deficiency

57
Q

RBC are removed by the

A

spleen

58
Q

what is Hb

A

a protein within RBC’s that is responsible for transporting oxygen

59
Q

3 causes of anemia

A
  • excessive loss (ex. hemorrhage)
  • abnormal hemolysis
  • deficient erythropoiesis
60
Q

abnormal RBC number, structure or function causes

A

decreased oxygen-carrying capacity which causes systemic hypoxia and deficiency of ATP

61
Q

what causes all the symptoms of anemia?

A

hypoxia

62
Q

mild anemia is often

A

not detected

63
Q

manifestations of moderate anemia

A
  • chronic fatigue
  • dyspnea
  • palpitations
64
Q

manifestations of severe anemia

A
  • exhaustion, weakness
  • headache
  • dizziness
  • sensitivity to cold
65
Q

why does severe anemia cause sensitivity to cold

A

d/t ATP deficiency

aerobic ATP production produces heat, anaerobic doesn’t

66
Q

how does iron deficiency cause anemia

A

oxygen binds iron on Hb

reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of Hb

67
Q

with iron deficiency anemia these tests will be normal

A

RBC and Hb

68
Q

iron deficiency anemia requires what test

A

ferritin test

69
Q

treatment of iron deficiency anemia

A
  • treat the cause

- PO iron for 4-6 months then reassess

70
Q

excess iron can cause what

A

constipation and toxicity

71
Q

what is folic acid

A

a vitamin essential for the body to make DNA, RNA and metabolize amino acids

72
Q

what is B12

A

a vitamin required for function of CNS and metabolism of all cells

73
Q

a deficiency in what will cause abnormal DNA synthesis and cell maturation causing defective blood cells

A

B12 or folic acid

74
Q

a deficiency in B12 or folic acid will cause

A

abnormal DNA synthesis and cell maturation causing defective blood cells

75
Q

treatment of B12 and Folic acid deficiency

A
  • treat the cause

- B12/folic acid supplements

76
Q

pernicious anemia is caused by a problem with

A

intrinsic factor excreted by stomach mucosa

77
Q

what does intrinsic factor do

A

binds vitamin B12 for absorption

78
Q

treatment of pernicious anemia

A
  • passive absorption (high dose B12)

- IM (if neuro symptoms occur ex. headache, dizziness)

79
Q

what is aplastic anemia

A

bone marrow failure causing hematopoiesis

80
Q

what causes aplastic anemia

A
  • 65% idiopathic

- 35% autoimmune, radiation, toxic chemicals

81
Q

treatment of aplastic anemia

A
  • withdraw the cause (radiation etc)
  • transfusion (until recovered)
  • marrow transplant
82
Q

what causes hemolytic anemia

A

excessive or premature hemolysis of RBC

83
Q

hemolytic anemia etiology

A
  • genetics (ex. thalassemia)

- acquired (ex. autoimmunity)

84
Q

manifestations of hemolytic anemia

A
  • anemia manifestations
  • jaundice
  • splenomegaly
  • hepatomegaly
85
Q

what causes jaundice

A

excessive RBC breakdown causing a bilirubin buildup

86
Q

Hb is broken down into iron, globin and heme which is broken down into what and used for what

A
  • iron (stored in the liver to be reused in Hb)
  • globin = amino acids (reused for proteins)
  • heme = bilirubin (excreted)
87
Q

if there is too much bilirubin the liver becomes ______ and causes bilirubin to ______ and ______ in the tissues

A

overwhelmed
circulate
deposit

88
Q

why must renal function be monitored in a patient with hemolytic anemia

A

if the liver can’t keep up with excessive bilirubin, full molecules will get through causing sedimentation in the kidneys (glomerulus)

89
Q

causes of hemorrhagic anemia

A
  • peptic ulcer disease (gradual bleed into stomach/duodenum)
  • tumor
  • heavy menses
  • hemorrhoids
90
Q

treatment of hemorrhagic anemia

A

treat the cause

91
Q

the severity of acute hemorrhagic anemia depends on

A
  • site
  • volume
  • rate
92
Q

chronic hemorrhagic anemia may be hard to diagnosis because it is

A

gradual, ongoing blood loss that is concealed

93
Q

sickle cell anemia is what type of abnormality

A

autosomal recessive

94
Q

to have sickle cell anemia the person must have how many defective alleles

A

2 (homozygous)

95
Q

if only 1 sickle cell allele is affected the person will have

A

sickle cell trait (mild/no symptoms)

96
Q

manifestations of sickle cell anemia

A
  • thrombosis
  • infarction
  • jaundice
  • low GFR, renal failure
97
Q

in sickle cell anemia, glutamic acid is replaced with _____ in the _____

A

valine in the beta chain

98
Q

valine carries oxygen normally but once ____ occurs what happens?

A

once dissociation occurs, Hb crystalizes causing the cell to sickle, hemolyze and release crystalized Hb in the blood

99
Q

why does sickle cell anemia impair perfusion

A
  • the shape of the cell impedes flow

- crystallization increases viscosity

100
Q

treatment of sickle cell anemia

A
  • supportive treatment (oxygen, rest, pain, fluids/electrolytes)
  • hypertransfusion
  • hydroxyurea
  • marrow transplant
101
Q

how does hydroxyurea help those with sickle cell anemia and why is it bad?

A
  • prevents crystallization and hemolysis, facilitating the formation of fetal hemoglobin
  • has severe SE, is hepatotoxic, can cause leukemia and is toxic to the marrow
102
Q

why does sickle cell anemia cause pain?

A

systemic ischemia d/t occlusions

103
Q

thalassemia is a disease of

A

hemoglobin synthesis

Bio 252 (15 decks)

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