cardiovascular disorders Flashcards
hyperlipidemia
elevated lipid content in the blood
cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids
what is a apoprotein
a protein that transports lipids
what is a lipoprotein
a apoprotein + a lipid
lipoproteins are named based on
density
low density lipid, high density lipid
what is a chylomicron
lipoproteins that transfer lipids from the digestive tract into circulation
where does atherosclerosis usually occur
highest frequency sites
in the larger arteries
- abdominal aorta
- coronary arteries + carotid arteries
- thoracic aorta, femoral + popliteal arteries
- vertebral, basilar, cerebral arteries
what is an atheroma
a lesion in the intima of the vessel made of lipids and fibrous tissue
what happens as an atheroma forms
the atheroma bulges into the lumen (area of least resistance because it is fluid filled)
obstructs the lumen
what is the progression of an atheroma lesion
- fatty streak
- fibrous atheromatous plaque
- complicated lesion
what is a fatty streak made of
cells
macrophages, foam cells, smooth muscle cells
what is fibrous atheromatous plaque
a lesion made of swelling comprised of fibers
accumulation of lipids, scar tissue, calcification
what is a complicated lesion
hemorrhaging into the plaque
pathogenesis of atherosclerosis stages
- endothelial cell injury (subtle changes - inflm)
- migration of monocytes (monocytes bind/migrate into intima - become macrophages)
- lipid accumulation + s.m. cell proliferation (clot + bulge forms in lumen)
- plaque (atheroma forms = atherosclerotic plaque)
an elevated CRP without underlying inflm indicates
atherosclerosis
4 control mechanisms of BP
- baroreceptors (detect pressure change)
- volume regulation (via kidneys)
- vascular autoregulation (vasoconstriction/dilation)
- RAAS (ADH, aldosterone)
HTN follows what cycle
circadian rhythm
when is BP lowest and highest
lowest = 2-5am highest = first thing in the morning
primary HTN
- 90% cases
- idiopathic - can’t eradicate, just manage
- multifactorial (problem w/ several regulatory mechanisms)
systolic HTN
- systolic > 140, diastolic < 90
- mostly after age 50
- poor vessel compliance - decreased elasticity - increased systolic pressure
- could be d/t atherosclerosis
- heart will compensate (harder+faster) - causes increased CO
secondary HTN
- 5-10%
- renovascular = arteries supplying kidneys occluded
- poor renal perfusion activates RAAS, increases BP systemically
malignant HTN
- diastolic > 120
- emergency situation
manifestations of HTN
- BP may be high unknowingly
- AM headaches
- palpitations
- dizziness, fatigue, blurred vision
- organ failure (kidney, heart, brain)
treatment of HTN
- Lifestyle modification
- DASH diet
- smoking and alcohol cessation
- exercise - 1st line drug = diuretic
- 2nd line drug = add 1/more
- Ca channel blocker (decrease s.m. contraction)
- angiotensin II receptor blocker
- ACE inhibitor
what are the types of peripheral vascular disease
- acute arterial occlusion
- atherosclerotic occlusive disease