fluid/electrolyte + acid/base

Question 1

what is fluid made up of

Answer 1

water and electrolytes

Question 2

where is fluid in the body

Answer 2

2/3 = ICF (within cells)
1/3 = ECF (tissues, blood vessels, interstitial)

Question 3

what is CHP

Answer 3

capillary hydrostatic pressure
“push pressure”
pressure fluid exerts on vessel walls

Question 4

what is OP

Answer 4

osmotic pressure
“pull pressure”
pressure coming from solute that draws fluid into vessels

Question 5

what is CHP affected by

Answer 5

blood pressure and blood volume

Question 6

what is OP affected by

Answer 6

plasma protein concentration

Question 7

what is edema

Answer 7

accumulation of fluid from the vascular space moving into the interstitial space (tissues)

Question 8

causes of edema

Answer 8

• increased CHP (volume, BP)
• increased capillary permeability (inflm, malignancy)
• decreased OP (low proteins d/t renal problems)
• obstructed lymph node (malignant obstruction, surgical removal)

Question 9

what is dehydration

Answer 9

decreased interstitial and intravascular fluids

volume deficit

Question 10

causes of dehydration

Answer 10

• inadequate fluid intake
• 3rd space loss
• GI fluid losses (n+v)
• skin losses (perspiration, burns)
• renal losses (kidney failure)

Question 11

what is 3rd spacing

Answer 11

fluid accumulation in transcellular space

ex. joints, lungs, spinal cord, abdominal cavity

Question 12

what is pH measuring

Answer 12

hydrogen ion concentration

Question 13

what is normal blood pH

Answer 13

7. 35-7.45

7. 4

Question 14

what are the pH regulating mechanisms

Answer 14

• lungs
• kidneys
• buffers

Question 15

alkalosis is

Answer 15

increased base
pH > 7.45
> 7.8 = death

Question 16

acidosis is

Answer 16

increased acid
pH < 7.35
< 6.8 = death

Question 17

how do the lungs regulate pH

Answer 17

• exhale CO2
• chemoreceptors detect PCO2, alter ventilation
• rapid, 50-70% effective
• failure: CO2 buildup = increased carbonic acid = acidosis

Question 18

how do the kidneys regulate pH

Answer 18

• excrete H (acid), reabsorb HCO3 (base)

- takes hours to days to respond

Question 19

how do buffers regulate pH

Answer 19

• system of trading a strong acid for weak acid, strong base for weak base
• immediate response

Question 20

respiratory imbalances involve

Answer 20

volatile acids
(carbonic acid)

Question 21

metabolic imbalances involve

Answer 21

fixed acids

lactic, HCl

Question 22

inadequate ventilation will cause

Answer 22

• increased PCO2
• decreased pH
• respiratory acidosis

Question 23

hyperventilation will cause

Answer 23

• decreased PCO2
• increased pH
• respiratory alkalosis

Question 24

causes of metabolic acidosis

Answer 24

severe diarrhea

renal failure

Question 25

causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 25

vomiting, excess antacid intake

Question 26

acid/base compensation formula

Answer 26

CO2 + H2O <> H2CO3 <> H + HCO3

Question 27

if the kidneys fail what happens

Answer 27

metabolic acidosis

H builds up, the rxn moves to the left, CO2 and water are exhaled to restore pH

Question 28

if the lungs fail what happens

Answer 28

respiratory acidosis

CO2 builds up, the rxn moves to the right, H is excreted and HCO3 is reabsorbed to restore pH

Question 29

what is the homeostatic balance ratio

Answer 29

20 bases: 1 acid

Question 30

10 bases : 1 acid

Answer 30

acidosis

Question 31

25 bases : 1 acid

Answer 31

alkalosis

Question 32

treatment for pH imbalance

Answer 32

• oral and IV fluids

- must address underlying cause

Question 33

causes of respiratory acidosis

Answer 33

• depressed respiratory status (opioids)

- lung disease

Question 34

causes of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 34

• hyperventilation
• altitude
• fever
• anxiety