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Bio 252 > abnormal immune response > Flashcards

abnormal immune response Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 types of abnormal immune responses

A
  • immunodeficiency
  • hypersensitivity
  • autoimmunity
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2
Q

what is an immunodeficiency

A

a partial or complete loss of immune response

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3
Q

what is a primary immunodeficiency

A
  • genetic or congenital

- the immune system fails to develop

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4
Q

what is a secondary immunodeficiency

A
  • acquired post natal

- the IR is triggered by something else

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5
Q

what are the 5 types of immunodeficiency disorders

A
  • B cell
  • T cell
  • T & B cell
  • complement
  • phagocytosis
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6
Q

what is a B cell immunodeficiency disorder

A

impaired antibody production

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7
Q

what is a T cell immunodeficiency disorder

A

impaired T cell function

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8
Q

what is someone with a T cell immunodeficiency disorder at risk of

A

cancer

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9
Q

what is a T & B cell immunodeficiency disorder

A

complete impaired immune response (basically no immune system)

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10
Q

what is a complement immunodeficiency disorder

A

the innate response is inhibited

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11
Q

what is a phagocytosis immunodeficiency disorder

A

disruption of phagocytosis which makes them prone to infection

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12
Q

what is the treatment for immunodeficiency disorders

A
  • replacement therapy (Ab’s to supplement the immune system)

- marrow transplant (last resort)

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13
Q

what is a hypersensitivity

A

exaggerated/inappropriate immune response

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14
Q

what are the 4 types of hypersensitivity

A
  • allergy (IgE mediated)
  • cytotoxic
  • immune complex
  • delayed (T cell mediated)
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15
Q

what type of hypersensitivity is the most common

A

type I (allergy)

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16
Q

what is a type I hypersensitivity triggered by

A

allergens

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17
Q

what is a type I hypersensitivity mediated by

A

IgE

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18
Q

what are the 2 phases of type I hypersensitivity

A
  • mast cell sensitization

- re-exposure

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19
Q

during what phase of type I hypersensitivity will an allergic reaction present

A

phase 2 (re-exposure)

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20
Q

what happens during the first phase of type I hypersensitivity

A

after exposure to the allergen, TH2 cytokines are produced which stimulate B cells and plasma cell formation
plasma cells produce IgE which attaches to and sensitizes mast cells

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21
Q

what cells are involved with type I hypersensitivity

A
  • B cells & plasma cells

- mast cells

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22
Q

what happens during the second phase of type I hypersensitivity

A

the allergen binds to IgE on already sensitized mast cells
this forms an immune complex
inflammation mediators are released (histamine, prostaglandin)
inflammation occurs at site of contact

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23
Q

what is shock

A

failure of the cardiovascular system and inability to perfuse

24
Q

what are the 4 types of shock

A
  • cardiogenic (heart fx impaired)
  • hypovolemic (low blood volume)
  • obstructive (obstruction of vessels)
  • distributive (dilated vessels decreases patency)
25
Q

what is anaphylactic shock

A

a severe type I hypersensitivity reaction

26
Q

what happens during anaphylactic shock

A

an allergen causes systemic mediator release
mediators cause increased systemic vasodilation and capillary permeability
this causes systemic edema
distributive shock occurs due to low vessel patency

27
Q

what is type II hypersensitivity mediated by

A

antibodies (IgG or IgM)

28
Q

what happens during type II hypersensitivity

A

endogenous and exogenous antigens are mistargeted by antibodies - loss of self recognition
any cell bearing the immune complex is destroyed

29
Q

what is an example of type II hypersensitivity

A

incompatible blood transfusion

30
Q

what happens during type III hypersensitivity

A

some immune complexes are not degraded and move through the body depositing in tissues

31
Q

why does type III hypersensitivity occur (2 reasons)

A
  • some immune complexes are too small to be recognized

- some immune complexes are resistant to breakdown

32
Q

what are 2 examples of type III hypersensitivity

A
  • glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidney)

- rheumatoid arthritis (one part of this is type III)

33
Q

what is type IV hypersensitivity mediated by

A

T cells

34
Q

what happens during type IV hypersensitivity

A

any cell bearing an antigen the T cell is responding to will be destroyed (self and foreign)

35
Q

what are the 2 types of type IV hypersensitivity

A

direct

delayed

36
Q

why does delayed type IV hypersensitivity occur

A

the production of lymphokines takes a few days

37
Q

what is a TB test an example of

A

a type IV hypersensitivity

38
Q

what is an autoimmunity

A

a chronic disease where the immune system targets self antigens

39
Q

what is lost during autoimmunity

A

self tolerance

40
Q

during autoimmunity the self is recognized as

A

foriegn

41
Q

what are the 3 ways self tolerance is lost during autoimmunity

A
  • molecular mimicry
  • abnormal T cell function
  • exposure of sequestered antigens
42
Q

what is molecular mimicry (autoimmunity)

A

a cell shares a similar epitope with bacteria,

T cells get confused, antigen is mis-identified, T cell destroys the cell bearing the epitope

43
Q

what is abnormal T cell fx (autoimmunity)

A

suppressor T cell function is not optimal

cytotoxic T cells are continuously produced and target self components

44
Q

what is exposure of sequestered antigens (autoimmunity)

A

a self antigen that was hidden during development becomes exposed due to disease
exposure for the first time triggers an immune response

45
Q

what is SLE

A

lupus

46
Q

what is lupus

A

antibodies target nuclear components (widespread targeting of cells)

47
Q

what type of test can be done for lupus

A

ANA (anti-nuclear antibodies) test

48
Q

what is neoplasia

A

abnormal cell growth

49
Q

what is a neoplasm

A

a tumor (abnormal mass)

50
Q

characteristics of malignant neoplasms

A
  • undifferentiated
  • invasive, damaging
  • rapid, disorderly, continuous growth
  • metastasis
51
Q

characteristics of benign neoplasms

A
  • uncontrolled slower growth (than malignant)
  • sometimes encapsulated
  • differentiated
  • may stop growing
  • don’t spread by metastasis
52
Q

genes code for

A

proteins which carry out functions

53
Q

what are DNA repair genes

A
  • “spell check” genes

- read genetic code looking for errors and fixing them to avoid mutation

54
Q

targeting of DNA repair genes by carcinogens allows what

A

mutations to pass through

55
Q

what are proto-oncogenes

A
  • Go genes
  • promote cell growth
  • mutation = excessive cell growth = tumor
56
Q

what are tumor suppressor genes

A
  • stop genes
  • inhibit cell growth/division
  • mutation = excessive cell growth = tumor
57
Q

what are oncogenes

A

any cancer associated gene that is mutated

cause malignant growth

Bio 252 (15 decks)

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