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neurological disorders Flashcards

1
Q

2 forms of alzheimer’s and their onset

A

sporadic: after 65
familial: before 65

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2
Q

how does the prevalence of alzheimer’s increase

A

after 65, increases every 5-10 years

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3
Q

3 genetic mutations of alzheimer’s

A
  • apolipoprotein E
  • presenilin 1 and 2
  • amyloid percursor protein
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4
Q

what is the enzyme that removes acetylcholine called

A

acetylcholinesterase

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5
Q

how does calcium cause acetylcholine release from the synaptic knob

A

when calcium enters the synaptic knob it triggers synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release acetylcholine by exocytosis

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6
Q

what is glutamate

A

a stimulatory neurotransmitter

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7
Q

what is myasthenia gravis a disorder of

A

transmission at the neuromuscular junction

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8
Q

True/False:

myasthenia gravis is classic autoimmunity

A

true

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9
Q

what types of immune cells are involved in myasthenia gravis

A

antibodies and T cells

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10
Q

in myasthenia gravis T cells attack receptors leading to 3 things:

A
  • shredding of the terminals of the muscle
  • a decrease in the number of terminals
  • a widening of the synaptic space
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11
Q

what is another problem myasthenia gravis is also associated with

A

thymic abnormalities or hyperplasia

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12
Q

myasthenic crisis may result in

A

respiratory failure

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13
Q

what are the 2 forms of Alzheimer’s, % of incidence, and onset

A

sporadic - 90% - > 65

familial - 10% - < 65

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14
Q

Alzheimer’s involves ______ atrophy

A

cortical atrophy

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15
Q

Alzheimer’s brains will have prominent ____ and slender _____

A

prominent sulci

slender gyri

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16
Q

Alzheimer’s is associated with low levels of what neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of lesions called in Alzheimer’s

A
  • neuritic plaques

- neurofibrillary tangles

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18
Q

Alzheimer’s lesions are due to

A

accumulation of proteins

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19
Q

neuritic plaques are caused when

A

the terminal ends of neurons degenerate and protein deposits (amyloid beta)

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20
Q

amyloid beta results from a breakdown of

A

amyloid precursor protein

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21
Q

neurofibrillary tangles are caused by

A

the tangling of fibers in the neuron

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22
Q

3 drug classes for treating Alzheimer’s

A
  • Donepezil
  • Memantine
  • Risperidone
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23
Q

True/False:

multiple sclerosis is an example of classic autoimmunity

A

true

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24
Q

multiple sclerosis is caused by targetting/destruction of

A

myelin sheath in the CNS

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25
what gene mutation causes MS
human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
26
what does the human leukocyte antigen gene code for
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
27
what virus may trigger MS
epstein-barr virus
28
what types of cells produce myelin
oligodendrocytes
29
the necrosis of oligodendrocytes will cause
infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages causing sclerotic patches
30
MS affects what 2 types of neurons
motor | sensory
31
periods of MS exacerbation occur when
necrosis of oligodendrocytes and demyelination furthers
32
periods of MS remission occur when
antibody and T cell production dwindles allowing oligodendrocytes to recover and produce myelin
33
elevated protein levels in the CSF indicate
- compromised BBB - inflammation in the CNS - autoimmunity
34
what type of antibodies will be present in the CSF of MS
IgG
35
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis affects what type of neurons
motor
36
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is caused by _____ of nerve fibres
atrophy
37
Trua/False: | ALS is classic autoimmunity
False
38
ALS is most common in ____ over __ years old
men | 50
39
what are the 2 types of ALS and % of incidence
sporadic - 90-95% | familial - 5-10%
40
ALS is sometimes caused by a mutation of what gene
superoxide dismutase (SOD1)
41
what does the SOD1 gene code for
the superoxide dismutase enzyme which breaks down free radicals
42
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is caused by degeneration of motor neurons in these 3 areas
- motor nuclei in the brain stem - anterior horn cells in the spinal cord - upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex
43
anterior horn cells are responsible for what types of commands from the brain
somatic motor commands
44
where do upper motor neurons send messages between
the brain to spinal cord
45
what two types of functions are not affected by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
cognition and sensory
46
Parkinson's disease is a disorder of the
basal ganglia function
47
Parkinson's is caused by degenerative destruction of the
nigrostriatal pathway
48
what 2 degenerative disorders typically affect men > 50
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | Parkinson's disease
49
what 2 degenerative disorders typically affect young women and are types of classic autoimmunity
``` Multiple sclerosis (MS) Myasthenia Gravis ```
50
what 2 environmental exposures can cause Parkinson's
manganese exposure | severe carbon monoxide poisoning
51
In Parkinson's, the destruction of _____ neuronal cells in the ____ _____ cause degeneration of _______ pathways and a decrease in dopamine stores
dopaminergic substantia nigra nigrostriatal
52
Parkinson's is an imbalance of what neurotransmitters
decreased dopamine levels | normal acetylcholine levels
53
what are the 4 cardinal manifestations of Parkinson's
tremor rigidity bradykinesia postural instability
54
Parkinson's medications (and actions)
- levodopa (dopamine precursor) - dopamine agonists (stimulates dopamine receptors) - monoamine oxidase (inhibits dopamine breakdown) - anticholinergic agents (inhibits ACh - restores balance) - Amantadine (antiviral that increases dopamine)
55
what are the 3 layers of the meninges
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
56
CSF is between what layers of the meninges
the arachnoid mater and the pia mater | subarachnoid space
57
what are 2 bacterias that cause bacterial meningitis and who do they affect
``` Neisseria meningitides (youth) streptococcus pneumonia (adults) ```
58
bacterial meningitis is usually seen following these 4:
- head trauma - neurosurgery - immunocompromised - congruent infection (ex. sinusitis)
59
when the meninges swell and adhere to each other and the brain, this causes these 3 things
- CSF flow obstruction - hydrocephalus (CSF accumulation in the brain) - increased intracranial pressure
60
2 tests for meningeal irritation
positive brudzinski's sign | positive kernig's sign
61
Budzinski's sign involves
hip and knee flexion when the neck is flexed
62
kernig's sign is when
the knee cannot be extended when the hip is at 90 degree
63
the CSF of bacterial meningitis will have
- proteins - low glucose - leukocytes (neutrophils) - pus
64
the CSF of viral meningitis will have
- proteins (lower than bacterial) - normal glucose levels - lymphocytes - monocytes
65
encephalitis is inflammation of the
parenchyma
66
encephalitis is usually caused by these 2 viruses
herpes simplex type 1 | arbovirus
67
during encephalitis, degeneration and necrosis leads to these 5 things
- inflammation - exudate - hemorrhaging - edema - IICP
68
encephalitis caused by arbovirus is generally ________ and lasts for _ weeks
self-limiting | 2
69
a seizure is a ______ not a disease
manifestation
70
seizures are caused by changes to the ________ causing unregulated _____ ______
neurilemma | neural discharge
71
epilepsy is a disease characterized by
chronic seizures
72
2 causes of seizures
provoked (secondary) | unprovoked (primary)
73
5 causes of secondary (provoked) seizures
- electrolyte imbalance - hypoxia - CNS injury - febrile - hypoglycemia
74
seizures in one hemisphere of the brain are called
partial seizures
75
seizures in both hemispheres of the brain are called
generalized seizures
76
a seizure in one hemisphere of the brain and no loss of consciousness is called a
simple partial seizure
77
a seizure in one hemisphere of the brain and loss of consciousness is called a
complex partial seizure
78
cells with a lower stimulation threshold that are hyperresponsive are called the
epileptogenic focus
79
the period after a seizure subsides is called the
post-ictal phase
80
huntington's is a hereditary ______ disorder
neurodegenerative
81
huntington's is characterized by
- chronic progressive chorea - psychological changes - dementia
82
huntington's is caused by what type of genetic disorder
autosomal dominant disorder of chromosome 4
83
what are the 2 most affected areas of Huntington's
caudate nucleus and putamen of the basal ganglia
84
what are the 2 changes to neurotransmitters in Huntington's
- decreased GABA | - decreased acetylcholine
85
Huntington's is an imbalance of what
low levels of acetylcholine and uninhibited dopamine
86
what is preserved in Huntington's
the dopaminergic pathway
87
what are the 3 types of manifestations in Huntington's'
psychological behavioural postural

Bio 252 (15 decks)

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