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Bio 252 > neurological disorders > Flashcards

neurological disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

2 forms of alzheimer’s and their onset

A

sporadic: after 65
familial: before 65

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2
Q

how does the prevalence of alzheimer’s increase

A

after 65, increases every 5-10 years

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3
Q

3 genetic mutations of alzheimer’s

A
  • apolipoprotein E
  • presenilin 1 and 2
  • amyloid percursor protein
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4
Q

what is the enzyme that removes acetylcholine called

A

acetylcholinesterase

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5
Q

how does calcium cause acetylcholine release from the synaptic knob

A

when calcium enters the synaptic knob it triggers synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release acetylcholine by exocytosis

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6
Q

what is glutamate

A

a stimulatory neurotransmitter

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7
Q

what is myasthenia gravis a disorder of

A

transmission at the neuromuscular junction

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8
Q

True/False:

myasthenia gravis is classic autoimmunity

A

true

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9
Q

what types of immune cells are involved in myasthenia gravis

A

antibodies and T cells

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10
Q

in myasthenia gravis T cells attack receptors leading to 3 things:

A
  • shredding of the terminals of the muscle
  • a decrease in the number of terminals
  • a widening of the synaptic space
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11
Q

what is another problem myasthenia gravis is also associated with

A

thymic abnormalities or hyperplasia

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12
Q

myasthenic crisis may result in

A

respiratory failure

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13
Q

what are the 2 forms of Alzheimer’s, % of incidence, and onset

A

sporadic - 90% - > 65

familial - 10% - < 65

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14
Q

Alzheimer’s involves ______ atrophy

A

cortical atrophy

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15
Q

Alzheimer’s brains will have prominent ____ and slender _____

A

prominent sulci

slender gyri

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16
Q

Alzheimer’s is associated with low levels of what neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of lesions called in Alzheimer’s

A
  • neuritic plaques

- neurofibrillary tangles

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18
Q

Alzheimer’s lesions are due to

A

accumulation of proteins

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19
Q

neuritic plaques are caused when

A

the terminal ends of neurons degenerate and protein deposits (amyloid beta)

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20
Q

amyloid beta results from a breakdown of

A

amyloid precursor protein

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21
Q

neurofibrillary tangles are caused by

A

the tangling of fibers in the neuron

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22
Q

3 drug classes for treating Alzheimer’s

A
  • Donepezil
  • Memantine
  • Risperidone
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23
Q

True/False:

multiple sclerosis is an example of classic autoimmunity

A

true

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24
Q

multiple sclerosis is caused by targetting/destruction of

A

myelin sheath in the CNS

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25
Q

what gene mutation causes MS

A

human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

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26
Q

what does the human leukocyte antigen gene code for

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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27
Q

what virus may trigger MS

A

epstein-barr virus

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28
Q

what types of cells produce myelin

A

oligodendrocytes

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29
Q

the necrosis of oligodendrocytes will cause

A

infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages causing sclerotic patches

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30
Q

MS affects what 2 types of neurons

A

motor

sensory

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31
Q

periods of MS exacerbation occur when

A

necrosis of oligodendrocytes and demyelination furthers

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32
Q

periods of MS remission occur when

A

antibody and T cell production dwindles allowing oligodendrocytes to recover and produce myelin

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33
Q

elevated protein levels in the CSF indicate

A
  • compromised BBB
  • inflammation in the CNS
  • autoimmunity
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34
Q

what type of antibodies will be present in the CSF of MS

A

IgG

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35
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis affects what type of neurons

A

motor

36
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is caused by _____ of nerve fibres

A

atrophy

37
Q

Trua/False:

ALS is classic autoimmunity

A

False

38
Q

ALS is most common in ____ over __ years old

A

men

50

39
Q

what are the 2 types of ALS and % of incidence

A

sporadic - 90-95%

familial - 5-10%

40
Q

ALS is sometimes caused by a mutation of what gene

A

superoxide dismutase (SOD1)

41
Q

what does the SOD1 gene code for

A

the superoxide dismutase enzyme which breaks down free radicals

42
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is caused by degeneration of motor neurons in these 3 areas

A
  • motor nuclei in the brain stem
  • anterior horn cells in the spinal cord
  • upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex
43
Q

anterior horn cells are responsible for what types of commands from the brain

A

somatic motor commands

44
Q

where do upper motor neurons send messages between

A

the brain to spinal cord

45
Q

what two types of functions are not affected by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

cognition and sensory

46
Q

Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the

A

basal ganglia function

47
Q

Parkinson’s is caused by degenerative destruction of the

A

nigrostriatal pathway

48
Q

what 2 degenerative disorders typically affect men > 50

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Parkinson’s disease

49
Q

what 2 degenerative disorders typically affect young women and are types of classic autoimmunity

A 
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Myasthenia Gravis
50
Q

what 2 environmental exposures can cause Parkinson’s

A

manganese exposure

severe carbon monoxide poisoning

51
Q

In Parkinson’s, the destruction of _____ neuronal cells in the ____ _____ cause degeneration of _______ pathways and a decrease in dopamine stores

A

dopaminergic
substantia nigra
nigrostriatal

52
Q

Parkinson’s is an imbalance of what neurotransmitters

A

decreased dopamine levels

normal acetylcholine levels

53
Q

what are the 4 cardinal manifestations of Parkinson’s

A

tremor
rigidity
bradykinesia
postural instability

54
Q

Parkinson’s medications (and actions)

A
  • levodopa (dopamine precursor)
  • dopamine agonists (stimulates dopamine receptors)
  • monoamine oxidase (inhibits dopamine breakdown)
  • anticholinergic agents (inhibits ACh - restores balance)
  • Amantadine (antiviral that increases dopamine)
55
Q

what are the 3 layers of the meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

56
Q

CSF is between what layers of the meninges

A

the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

subarachnoid space

57
Q

what are 2 bacterias that cause bacterial meningitis and who do they affect

A 
Neisseria meningitides (youth)
streptococcus pneumonia (adults)
58
Q

bacterial meningitis is usually seen following these 4:

A
  • head trauma
  • neurosurgery
  • immunocompromised
  • congruent infection (ex. sinusitis)
59
Q

when the meninges swell and adhere to each other and the brain, this causes these 3 things

A
  • CSF flow obstruction
  • hydrocephalus (CSF accumulation in the brain)
  • increased intracranial pressure
60
Q

2 tests for meningeal irritation

A

positive brudzinski’s sign

positive kernig’s sign

61
Q

Budzinski’s sign involves

A

hip and knee flexion when the neck is flexed

62
Q

kernig’s sign is when

A

the knee cannot be extended when the hip is at 90 degree

63
Q

the CSF of bacterial meningitis will have

A
  • proteins
  • low glucose
  • leukocytes (neutrophils)
  • pus
64
Q

the CSF of viral meningitis will have

A
  • proteins (lower than bacterial)
  • normal glucose levels
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
65
Q

encephalitis is inflammation of the

A

parenchyma

66
Q

encephalitis is usually caused by these 2 viruses

A

herpes simplex type 1

arbovirus

67
Q

during encephalitis, degeneration and necrosis leads to these 5 things

A
  • inflammation
  • exudate
  • hemorrhaging
  • edema
  • IICP
68
Q

encephalitis caused by arbovirus is generally ________ and lasts for _ weeks

A

self-limiting

2

69
Q

a seizure is a ______ not a disease

A

manifestation

70
Q

seizures are caused by changes to the ________ causing unregulated _____ ______

A

neurilemma

neural discharge

71
Q

epilepsy is a disease characterized by

A

chronic seizures

72
Q

2 causes of seizures

A

provoked (secondary)

unprovoked (primary)

73
Q

5 causes of secondary (provoked) seizures

A
  • electrolyte imbalance
  • hypoxia
  • CNS injury
  • febrile
  • hypoglycemia
74
Q

seizures in one hemisphere of the brain are called

A

partial seizures

75
Q

seizures in both hemispheres of the brain are called

A

generalized seizures

76
Q

a seizure in one hemisphere of the brain and no loss of consciousness is called a

A

simple partial seizure

77
Q

a seizure in one hemisphere of the brain and loss of consciousness is called a

A

complex partial seizure

78
Q

cells with a lower stimulation threshold that are hyperresponsive are called the

A

epileptogenic focus

79
Q

the period after a seizure subsides is called the

A

post-ictal phase

80
Q

huntington’s is a hereditary ______ disorder

A

neurodegenerative

81
Q

huntington’s is characterized by

A
  • chronic progressive chorea
  • psychological changes
  • dementia
82
Q

huntington’s is caused by what type of genetic disorder

A

autosomal dominant disorder of chromosome 4

83
Q

what are the 2 most affected areas of Huntington’s

A

caudate nucleus and putamen of the basal ganglia

84
Q

what are the 2 changes to neurotransmitters in Huntington’s

A
  • decreased GABA

- decreased acetylcholine

85
Q

Huntington’s is an imbalance of what

A

low levels of acetylcholine and uninhibited dopamine

86
Q

what is preserved in Huntington’s

A

the dopaminergic pathway

87
Q

what are the 3 types of manifestations in Huntington’s’

A

psychological
behavioural
postural

Bio 252 (15 decks)

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