Tudors Key Individuals Flashcards
Henry VII’s step father was involved in the Battle of Bosworth and was rewarded with Earl of Derby, crucial to the exercise of power in Northwest of England.
Lord Thomas Stanley
Son of Edward VI’s brother and was placed in the Tower of London in 1485. Alleged to have plotted with Warbeck and was executed for doing so.
Edward, Earl of Warwick
Brother of Thomas Stanley and step uncle of Henry VII and was rewarded with Lord Chamberlain. Accused of treason after plotting with Warbeck.
Sir William Stanley
Nephew of Edward IV and Richard III, latter’s designated successor.
John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln
Churchman and lawyer, promoted for his services by Henry VII to Archbishop of Canterbury in 1486, and Cardinal in 1493.
John Morton
Helped Henry VII raise funds during Bosworth. His role was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Also initially led Council Learned.
Sir Reginald Bray
Eventually chaired Council Learned, identified with the ruthlessness of Henry VII’s reign. Arrested and executed after death of Henry VII.
Sir Richard Empson
Came to prominence after Bray’s death. Role was to exploit financial opportunities which made him enemies. Again arrested and executed after death of Henry VII.
Edmund Dudley
Holy Roman Emperor from 1493 to 1519, was married to Mary of Burgandy and through her gained control of Netherlands.
Maximilian I
King of France from 1483 to 1498.
Charles VIII
Known as the ‘uncrowned King of Ireland’ he was the leading member of the Irish nobility. Henry VII was dependant on him to control Ireland.
Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare
Henry’s most trusted military commander, led Bosworth.
John De Vere, Earl of Oxford
Originally a Yorkist, but he rebelled against Richard III and then fought for Henry at Bosworth. Led the Crown’s forces against Cornish rebels and succeeded Stanley as Lord Chamberlain.
Giles, Baron Daubeney
In 1487 was Bishop of Exeter and Lord Keeper of the Seal and helped with Crowns finances.
Richard Fox
An Italian humanist. Welcomed into Henry VII court and began writing ‘History of England’.
Polydore Vergil
A merchant involved in the Venetian spice trade and explorer.
John Cabot
Dutch scholar whose influential book ‘Handbook of a Christian Soldier’ sought to regenerate Christianity through emphasis on education and rejection of Church’s traditional ceremonies.
Erasmus
Dean of St. Paul’s and his surviving sermons were highly critical of the clergy, favouring the growth of Protestantism.
John Colet
Distinguished lawyer and humanist scholar, most famous as author of ‘Utopia’. Appointed as Lord Chancellor after fall of Wolsey. Was later executed for treason under Henry VIII.
Sir Thomas More
Fought for Richard III at Bosworth, after which was imprisoned for treason. Title restored his title when he suppressed Yorkshire Rebellion after which was promoted to Duchy of Norfolk.
Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey and second Duke of Norfolk
Lawyer, then secretary to Wolsey then principal secretary to Henry VIII. Masterminded the dissolution of the monastries.
Thomas Cromwell
Came to Henry VIII’s attention through the Collectanea Satis Copoisa. Later became Archbishop of Canterbury until burnt for heresy under Mary I.
Thomas Cranmer
Principal secretary to Henry VIII and then Bishop of Winchester. He supported the break from Rome but retained conservative Catholic views. This led to imprisonment under Edward VI but returned to favour under Mary.
Stephen Gardiner
Owed his advancement to Cromwell’s patronage. Appointed joint principal secretary in 1540 and attached himself to Gardner. Appointed Lord Chancellor in 1544. Slippery.
Thomas Wriothesley
Marquis of Hertford and later Duke of Somerset. Brother of Jane Seymour and uncle of Edward VI. Lord Protector to Edward VI.
Edward Seymour
Led Pilgrimage of Grace. Tried to negotiate a settlement with the King but was executed after the outbreak of renewed rebellion in 1537.
Robert Aske
A German monk who challenged the Catholic Church’s teaching on salvation. Gained support from many secular rulers in Germany.
Martin Luther
Key household officer under Edward VI as Groom of the Stool and Chief Gentleman of the Privy Chamber. Imprisoned when Somerset fell from power and executed after Somerset’s coup against Northumberland.
Michael Stanhope
Enjoyed a working relationship with Somerset but this deteriorated. He overthrow Somerset and became Lord president of the Council. Executed for treason after the failure of the plot to place LDJ on throne.
John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland
Great-granddaughter of Henry VII. Protestant, married Guildford Dudley. Declared Queen after Edward VI. Initially spared by Mary, she was executed for treason.
Lady Jane Grey
Cambridge educated reformer. Emerged as prominent reformer under Edward. Burnt as a heretic.
Nicolas Ridley
Edward VI’s most radical bishop. Appointed chaplain to Somerset. Northumberland appointed him bishop of Gloucester. Burnt as heretic under Mary.
John Hooper
Went into exile in Italy rather than adhere to religious reforms under Henry VIII. Made a cardinal in 1536. Returned in 1554 as Archbishop of Canterbury but wider influence diminished.
Cardinal Reginald Pole
Mary’s husband. In 1554 he ruled Netherlands on behalf of his father, whom he succeeded in 1556. Shared Mary’s devout Catholicism.
Philip of Spain
Enjoyed prominence under Somerset and Northumberland. Managed Elizabeth’s succession smoothly and served her for almost 40 years, first as Principal Secretary and then from 1572 as Lord Treasurer.
William Cecil
Young son of the Duke of Northumberland and a childhood friend of Elizabeth. Survived the downfall of his father to become Elizabeth’s favourite.
Robert Dudley, first Earl of Leicester
Reluctant appointee as Elizabeth’s first Archbishop of Canterbury.
Matthew Parker
Only son of William Cecil’s second marriage (Burghley). Member of Privy Council in 1593 and secretary of state in 1596.
Sir Robert Cecil
Lost favour following the failure of his mission in Ireland and responded to this with a rebellion in 1601 which resulted in execution.
Robert Devereux, second Earl of Essex
Vice Chancellor of Cambridge as an opponent of Presbyterian Church, Cartwright. He dismissed him Cartwright from his Professorship and in a subsequent pamphlet was a defender of the royal supremacy. Rewarded by being appointed bishop of Worcester in 1577 and promoted to Archbishop of Canterbury in 1583. Only churchman to be appointed by E1 to membership of Privy Council.
John Whitgift
