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Histology > Tubular Digestion > Flashcards

Tubular Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

3 Digestive Processes of Oral Cavity

A

Mastication - break up
Lubrication - moisten
Initiate Digestion - amylases for starch

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2
Q

Oral Cavity Epithelium

A

Stratified squamos non-keratinized - moist epithelium

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3
Q

Vermillion Zone

A

Red part of lips; thin so skin can see blood vessels underneath

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4
Q

Hard Palate

A

Bony, anterior separation b/w oral and nasal cavity, usually stratified squamos keratinized epithelium

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5
Q

Soft Palate

A

Muscular, posterior separation b/w oral and nasal cavity which pushes back to prevent swallowing food from going into nose. Usually stratified squamos nonkeratinized

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6
Q

3 Layers of Teeth (outside-in)

A

Enamel, dentin, pulp

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7
Q

Enamel (2)

A

Hardest structure in body

Grows as a child and does not regenerate

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8
Q

Cementum

A

Holds teeth to gums

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9
Q

Tongue (2)

A

Has muscle fibers running in all 3 directions, can move in all 3 plains
Unique epithelial lining - large filiform and fungiform papillae

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10
Q

Filiform Papillae

A

Roughened epithelial extensions - grab food and move it

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11
Q

Circumvallate Papillae (3)

A

Large round structures that form “V” on tongue
Separate innervation and blood supply
Hold majority of taste buds in circular grooves

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12
Q

Fungiform Papillae

A

Mushroom-like structures on tongue w/ some taste buds

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13
Q

5 Taste Sensations

A 
Salty
Sweet
Bitter
Sour
Umami
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14
Q

4 Layers of General Digestive Tube

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa - smooth muscle
Adventitia or serosa - connective tissue

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15
Q

3 Layers of Mucosa

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria - loose connective tissue
Muscularis mucosa - little smooth muscle that can move epithelium

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16
Q

2 Contents of Submucosa

A

Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus

Submucosal glands

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17
Q

Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus

A

Plexus of nerves in submucosa w/ postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies; so like where vagus synapses

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18
Q

Submucosal Glands

A

Mainly lubrication, but also alkaline barrier glands in esophagus and proximal duodenum against stomach products

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19
Q

3 Layers of Muscularis Externa

A

Inner layer - circular smooth muscle
Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus - postganglionic parasympathetic
Outer layer - longitudinal smooth muscle

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20
Q

Adventitia vs. Serosa (4)

A

A: No associated epithelium - S: Simple squamos
A: DIRCT - S: Covers DIRCT layer
A: Holds organ directly to body wall - S: Attached to body wall via mesentery
A: No motion of organs - S: Reduces friction for ease of motion

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21
Q

Esophagus (E,L,S,ME,A/S)

A

Epithelium - nonkeratinized, stratified squamos
Lamina Propria - mucous glands for lubrication
Submucosa - esophageal glands w/ alkaline mucous
Muscularis externa - smooth and skeletal m.
Adventitia above diaphragm, serosa below

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22
Q

Esophageal Muscularis Externa

A

Upper 1/3: skeletal m.
Mid 1/3: Skeletal and smooth
Lower 1/3: smooth

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23
Q

2 Exceptions to GI Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Esophagus and anus - stratified squamos

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24
Q

Gastroesophageal Junction

A

At “zigzag” line, where stratified squamos epithelium from esophagus turns into simple columnar of stomach. No real muscular sphincter

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25
Q

3 Histological Regions of Stomach (& funtions)

A

Cardiac - mucous secretion
Pyloric - mucous secretion
Body-fundus - functional aspect of stomach

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26
Q

Gastric Pits (2)

A

Surface mucous cells in surface of stomach that dip and lead into gastric glands, make thick visible mucous that lines and protects stomach epithelium

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27
Q

5 Gastric Glands (superficial-deep)

A 
Mucous neck cells
Regenerative cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells 
Enteroendocrine cells
28
Q

Mucous Neck Cells

A

make soluble, serous, thin mucous that carries other gastric gland products into lumen

29
Q

Parietal Cells (appearance and 2 functions)

A

Stain red bc lots of mt
pump out lots of hydrogen and chloride - DONT MAKE HCl, IT FORMS OUTSIDE IN LUMEN
Also produce Gastric Intrinsic Factor, binds vitamin essential for blood clotting

30
Q

Chief Cells (apperance and function)

A

Stain darker/basophilic

Produce digestive proenzymes - cleavage takes place in acidic environment

31
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells

A

Secrete into lamina propria - endocrine cells communicating around GI

32
Q

Regenerative Stem Cells

A

Replaces upper layer cells rapidly and lower cells slowly

33
Q

Inactive vs. Active Parietal Cells

A

Can tell be length/extent of canaliculi - increase SA to pump out more H+ and Cl-

34
Q

Stomach Muscularis Externa Layers (4)

A

Inner oblique
Middle circular
Myenteric plexus
Outer longitudinal

35
Q

2 Sources of Stomach Stimulation

A

Hormonal

Neural

36
Q

3 SA Increasers in SI (& magnification)

A

Plicae circulares (2-3x)
Villi (10x)
Microvilli - 20x

37
Q

Plicae circulares

A

Folds of entire mucosa, including muscularis

38
Q

Villi

A

Fingerlike projections that are epithelium + lamina.

39
Q

Lacteals

A

Tubular lymphatic drainage running through center of villi to drain fats

40
Q

Microvilli

A

PM of each individual cell w/ actin core

41
Q

Intestinal Glands

A

Where villi kind of extend back down into muscularis mucosa

42
Q

2 Trends From Duodenum to Ileum

A

Goblet cell # increase, surface area decreases

43
Q

6 Epithelial Cells in SI (& function)

A

Surface Absorptive Cells - microvilli
Goblet Cells - Mucous
Enteroendocrine Cells - GI communication
Paneth cells - lysozyme
M Cells - Ag presenting to immune cells just behind
Regenerative Stem Cells - start at bottom and travel up to slough off

44
Q

Paneth’s Cells

A

In base of gland mainly in ileum, release lysozyme which is essentially antiobiotic

45
Q

SI Submucosal Glands

A

Duodenal (Brunner’s) Glands for alkaline mucous

46
Q

SI Serosa/Adventitia

A

Duodenum has more adventitia bc retroperitoneal, whereas jejunum and ileum gonna have serosa

47
Q

Crypts of Liberkuhn

A

Lamina propria intestinal glands

48
Q

4 Functions of SI

A

Digestion
Absorption
Secretory
Immune Activity

49
Q

Taenia coli

A

Just outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle on LI but incomplete

50
Q

LI 4 Epithelial Cells

A

Surface absorptive cells
LOTS of Goblet Cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Regenerative cells

51
Q

2 Functions of LI

A

Store fecal material and absorb water

52
Q

LI Epithelial Type

A

Simple columnar

53
Q

3 Features of Appendix

A

Triangular Lumen
Colonic Epithelium
Lots of lymph nodules

54
Q

Specific Possible Function of Appendix

A

Bacterial safehouse

55
Q

Anorectal Junction

A

Switch from colic simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamos epithelium

56
Q

White Line of Hilton

A

Transition from nonkeratinized stratified squamos to keratinized

57
Q

End of Muscularis Mucosa

A

Pectinate Line

58
Q

Anal Musclaris Externa (2)

A

Internal anal sphincter - smooth, involuntary

External anal sphincter - skeletal, voluntary

59
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

Part of stomach herniates into thorax, can cause increase in acid reflux in esophagus and eventually lead to metaplasia

60
Q

Barrett’s Esophagus

A

Burned esophagus from stomach acid

61
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of gastric intrinsic factor from parietal cells in stomach

62
Q

Cell Dysfunction to Allow Gastric Ulcers

A

Surface mucous cells

63
Q

Malabsorption/Sprue/Celiac Disease

A

Gluten can prevent villi formation in SI, decreasing SA and fucking up food digestion/absorption

64
Q

Enteritis

A

Inflammation of SI, causes lumen to get smaller and bowel constriction

65
Q

Why External Hemorrhoids More Painful

A

On external skin, so have somatic skin nerve fibers instead of just visceral like internals

66
Q

2 Locations of Submucosal Glands in GI

A

Esophagus and duodenum

Histology (12 decks)

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