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Histology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Ways to Classify Glands

A

Type of secretory product
How they secrete their product
Structure of gland

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2
Q

3 Glands based on Secretory Product

A

Mucous
Serous
Mixed (mucous w/ serous demilunes)

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3
Q

3 Glands based on Mode of Secretion

A

Merocrine - small vesicles, no cyt loss
Apocrine - large vesicles, some cyt loss
Holocrine - destruction of whole cell

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4
Q

Goblet Cell full description based on 3 gland criteria

A

Unicellular, mucous secreting, merocrine secretion

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5
Q

4 Glands based on Morphology

A

Unicellular
Simple Multicellular
Compound Multicellular
Myoepithelial

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6
Q

Tubular Gland

A

Straight gland off single/multiple ducts

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7
Q

Acinar Gland

A

Small cluster of cells at base of gland

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8
Q

Tubuloacinar gland

A

Only in compound glands, have tubular and acinar secreting portions

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9
Q

Metaplasia

A

Problem with cell (especially epithelial) renewal when replacement cell changes what it should be and turns into wrong type of cell

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10
Q

Kartagener’s Syndrome

A

Immotile cilia syndrome, usually because dynein arms don’t contract appropriately

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11
Q

2 Components of Connective Tissue

A

Cells

EC Matrix

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12
Q

3 Components of EC Matrix

A 
Tissue Fluid (solvent)
Ground substance (kind of glue)
Fibers
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13
Q

4 Functions of Connective Tissue

A

Support
Repair
Defense (immune)
Nutrition (storage and transport)

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14
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional aspect of tissue, like epithelium, nerve, muscle

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15
Q

Stroma

A

Supportive aspect of tissue, like connective tissue (provide nutrition and oxygen and other shit)

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16
Q

3 Functions of Ground Substance

A

Glue, lubricant, or barrier

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17
Q

2 Major Compounds Making up EC Matrix

A

Glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins

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18
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

Glycosaminoglycans that kills bacteria

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19
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

Bottle brush structures that fill out EC space

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20
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Help bind cells to fibers/stroma

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21
Q

2 Important Notes about Collagen Synthesis

A

Precursor procollagen made intracellulary, but shipped outside cell for maturation/assembly
Vitamin C dependent

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22
Q

2 Proteins in Elastic Fibers

A

Fibrillin (structural component) and elastin (stretchy component)

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23
Q

2 Lymphocyte Derivatives

A

B Cells or T Cells

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24
Q

3 Visual Traits for Plasma Cells

A

Clockface nucleus
Negative golgi
Basophilic cytoplasm

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25
Q

3 Visual Traits for Eosinophils

A

Lots of red granules
Condensed, bilobed nucleus
Black line on vesicles (at least in EM?)

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26
Q

2 Actions of Eosinophils

A

Kill parasites

Phagocytosis of Ag-Ab complexes

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27
Q

2 Locations of Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Tendons and ligaments

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28
Q

Wharton’s Jelly

A

Mucous connective tissue, like in umbilical cord

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29
Q

Ehler’s-Danlos Syndrome

A

Abnormal collagen, very flexible but not strong structural support

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30
Q

Fibrosis/Keloids

A

Increased collagen production

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31
Q

Marfan’s Syndrome

A

Decreased elastic fibers, easily cause aortic aneurysm

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32
Q

4 Kinds of Glial Cells

A

Schwann cells (peripheral myelin producing)
Oligodendrocytes (central myelin producing cells)
Astrocytes (nutritional support)
Microglia (macrophages, immune support)

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33
Q

Nissl Bodies

A

Collection of RER and ribosomes in soma making proteins, making nervous cell cyt stain w/ hematoxylin

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34
Q

4 Types of Neurons

A

Unipolar (just light input, then axon firing out)
Bipolar (one input in and one out)
Multipolar (most common, lots of dendrites and one axon)
Pseudounipolar (fiber comes in, passes cell body and just goes straight though to target usually in CNS)

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35
Q

2 Types of Neuronal Communication

A

Electrical via gap junction

Chemical via synapse (more common)

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36
Q

3 Types of Synapses

A

Axosomatic, axodendritic, or axoaxonic

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37
Q

2 Kinds of Inhibition

A

Presynaptic and postsynaptic

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38
Q

Motor Unit

A

of Muscle Fibers Innervated per Axon

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39
Q

Sole Plate

A

Depression in Muscle Cell for motor end plate to sit

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40
Q

Junctional folds

A

Folds in postsynaptic cell to increase SA for NTs

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41
Q

Schmidt-Lanterman Clefs

A

Little passages in myelin that most likely allow for diffusion

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42
Q

GFAP

A

Specific protein to astrocytes, can stain for it to see if carcinoma or something is an astrocyte

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43
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Columnar cells that inside edges of CNS tube and produce cerebrospinal fluid

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44
Q

3 Wrappings of PNS Nerves

A

Endoneurium - wraps individual nerves
Perineurium - wraps a bunch into fascicles
Epineurium - wraps entire nerve, holding fascicles together

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45
Q

3 CNS Wrappings (outside in) (Meninges)

A

Dura mater - thick, connective tissue
Arachnoid mater - spider web of collagenous tissue w/ subarachnoid space for cerebrospinal fluid to flow through
Pia mater - thin collagen right on brain

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46
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

Fluffs of ependymal cells which produce cerebrospinal fluid by filtering blood plasma

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47
Q

4 Autonomic NT Tendencies

A

Pregang symp: Ach
Post gang symp: NOR
Both parasymps: Ach

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48
Q

3 Ways to Determine Autonomic from Sensory Ganglia

A

Nucleus - central in S, eccentric in A
Satellite cells right around neuron - a lot in S, a few in A
Shape - circular in S, oval in A

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49
Q

Different b/w gray and white matter

A

White is essentially just myelinated axons and glial cells, gray also has cell bodies and dendrites thrown in

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50
Q

Acoustic Neuroma

A

Schwann cells enlarged and compress nerves, causing hearing problems and facial motor problems

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51
Q

Pseudoneuroma

A

Enlargement/inflammation of glial cells covering axons

52
Q

Muscle Cell Development

A

Mesenchymal cells-myoblast-multinucleated syncytial myotube

53
Q

Divisions of Muscle (largest to small)

A

Muscle - fascicles - fibers - myofibrils - myofilaments

54
Q

3 Muscle Wrappings

A

Epimysium - entire muscle
Perimysium - fascicles
Endomysium - muscle fibers

55
Q

Dystrophin

A

Holds Z disk to sarcolemma

56
Q

T Tubules

A

Invagination of sarcolemma into center of muscle cell so it hits each muscle fiber at same time

57
Q

Terminal Cisternae

A

The two sarcoplasmic reticula on each side of T tubule to make up triad that will bathe everything in calcium

58
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Proprioceptory sensory modified skeletal muscle fiber (intrafusal fibers) that sends information about position of the body

59
Q

Intercalated disk

A

Connection between 2 cardiac muscle cells

60
Q

2 Portions of Intercalated Disk

A

Transverse portion w/ desmosomes

Lateral portion w/ gap junctions

61
Q

Location of Dyads and Triads

A

Triads: A-I Junction
Dyads: Z line

62
Q

Smooth Muscle Dense Bodies

A

Z line associated protein “anchors” which anchor filaments to smooth muscle wall

63
Q

Caveolae

A

Calcium storage vesicles along PM in smooth muscle

64
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell #

65
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

66
Q

2 Matrices in EC Matrix of Cartilage

A

Around cell: territorial matrix w/ little collagen

Further out: interterritorial matrix rich w/ collagen

67
Q

2 Kinds of Cartilage Growth

A

Appositional - inward from chondrogenic layer of perichondrium
Interstitial - outward from established chondrocytes

68
Q

Isogenous Group

A

Group of chondrocytes that all developed from each other via interstitial growth

69
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage without perichondrium

70
Q

2 Layers of Perichondrium/periosteum

A

Outer fibrous layer

Inner cellular layer - chondrogenic/osteogenic layer

71
Q

2 Kinds of Osteoblasts

A

Active (matrix synthesizing, cuboidal) and inactive (bone lining, squamos)

72
Q

Volkmann’s Canals

A

Run perpindicular to osteons in compact bone

73
Q

Structure of Compact Bone (about six things)

A

Outer circumferential lamellae and inner circumferential lamella
Osteons (Haversian systems) made up of lamellae with Haversian canal w/ blood vessel in middle
Interstitial lamellae in between osteons

74
Q

2 Stages of Bone Development

A

Primary (immature) bone and secondary (mature bone)

75
Q

2 Methods of Bone Formation

A

Intramembranous (flat bones) and endochondral (long and short bones)

76
Q

Intramembranous bone formation

A

Creates little island of formation w/ primary ossification center, bone grows out from there

77
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

Border where primary and secondary ossification centers meet (right at shaft and head of bone)

78
Q

5 Zone of Epiphyseal Plate Growth

A 
Zone of Reserve Cartilage
Zone of Proliferation
Zone of Maturation/Hypertrophy
Zone of Calcification
Zone of Ossification
79
Q

Bone Repair Mech (5 Steps)

A 
Blood Clot
Callus
Cartilage grows in
Primary bone replaces that
Secondary bone replaces primary
80
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Stimulates osteoclasts to take up calcium from bone

81
Q

Vitamin D

A

Necessary for absorption of calcium

82
Q

Osteoporosis vs. Osteomalacia

A

Porosis: lose bone mass
Malacia: change composition to less minerals and more collagen

83
Q

Rouleaux

A

Stacking of erythrocytes

84
Q

Anisocytes

A

Altered cell size (macro or micro)

85
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Altered cell shape

86
Q

3 Kinds of Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

87
Q

2 Kinds of Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

88
Q

3 Distinguishing Characters of Neutrophils

A

Multi-lobed, heterochromatic nucleus
Pink/clear granules
Possible Barr body

89
Q

Neutrophil Function

A

Phagocytize bacteria and kill w/ enzymes and free radicals

90
Q

3 Distinguishing Characters of Eosinophils

A

Large red granules
Bilobed nucleus
Granules have dense core (maybe only on EM?)

91
Q

2 Eosinophil Functions

A

Kill parasites with major basic protein

Engulf and destroy Ab-Ag complexes

92
Q

2 Distinguishing Characters of Basophils

A

Large very dark blue granules

S-shaped nucleus (usually obscured)

93
Q

Function of Basophils

A

Initiate inflammation/anaphylaxis via histamine/heparin/Ab binding/leukotriene synthesis

94
Q

2 Distinguishing Characters of Monocytes

A

Kidney shaped nucleus

Pale blue cytoplasm w/ no specific granules

95
Q

Function of Monocytes (main and 4)

A 
Migrate to tissues and become macrophages
Phagocytosis
Produce cytokines for inflammation
Ag-presenting cells
Multinucleated foreign body giant cells
96
Q

2 Distinguishing Characters of Lymphocytes

A

Round, dense nucleus

Small, “bluish” cytoplasm

97
Q

3 Fates of Lymphocytes

A

B Cells - Plasma cells
T cells to kill viral cells
Null cells (stem cells, NK cells)

98
Q

2 Parts of Platelets

A

Hyalomere - peripheral tubular system to increase SA

Granulomere - dense core w/ granules/organelles

99
Q

5 Steps of Clotting

A 
Endothelial breaks, collagen is exposed to platelets
Platelets aggregate and release granules
Coagulation factors form thrombus
Clot contraction and wound repair
After repair plasmin breaks down clot
100
Q

3 Early Sites of Blood Production

A

Yolk sac
Liver
Spleen

101
Q

2 Kinds of Bone Marrow

A

Red - active hematopoiesis

Yellow - inactive, fat saving space

102
Q

4 Steps of Hematopoiesis Cell Differentiation

A

Stem cells - pleuripotent
Multipotential cells - eiher lymphoid or myeloid, form colonies
Progenitor cells - committed to single cell line
Precursor cells - morphologically distinct

103
Q

Stem Cell (Steel) Factor

A

Required to for stem cell development, released by stromal cells

104
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Released by kidney to stimulate RBC production

105
Q

6 Stages of Erythrocyte Development

A

Proerythroblast - don’t have to know
Basophilic erythroblast - large, bluer
Polychromatic erythroblast - “muddy” cytoplasm, “checkerboard” nucleus condensing
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast - redder, dense nucleus
Reticulocyte - no nucleus, stains with special cresyl blue stain. See a lot in blood of pts who are rapidly producing more blood
Erythrocyte - only hb, no ribosomes

106
Q

6 Stages of Granulocytopoiesis

A

Myeloblast - won’t ask
Promyelocyte - won’t ask
Myelocyte - condensed round nuc, starts producing specific colored granules
Metamyelocyte - nuc gets kidney shaped, lots of specific granules
Band (stab) - C-shaped nuc. Will see these in blood if body needs more granulocytes
Mature form

107
Q

Leukemia

A

Bc RBCs aren’t working as well, end up producing more and more of them so you lose yellow marrow. Get a left shift in blood - early forms of granulocytes in blood

108
Q

2 Layers of Epicardium

A

Subepicardial layer - loose connective tissue w/ nerves/vessels fat
Pericardial cavity w/ serous fluid

109
Q

3 Specialized Cardiac Muscle Cells

A

Purkinje fibers
Hormone containing fibers (w/ ANF)
Pacemaker cells

110
Q

Subendocardial Layer

A

Just deep to endocardium, contain Purkinje fibers/nerves

111
Q

Three tunics on vessels (inside out)

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

112
Q

3 Components of Tunica Intima

A

Simple squamos endothelium
Subendothelium
Internal elastic lamina

113
Q

2 Components of Tunica Media

A

Smooth muscle layers

External elastic lamina

114
Q

3 Components of Tunica Adventitia

A

Loose connective tissue
Vessels
Nerves

115
Q

Transcytosis (pinocytosis)

A

Ability to move things across cell

116
Q

5 Functions for Endothelial Cells

A

Transcytosis, diapedesis, clotting secretions, vessel tone, blood cell movements

117
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

vessels that supply vessels

118
Q

Six Elastic Arteries

A 
Aorta
Brachiocephalic Artery
L Common Carotid
L Subclavian
Common Iliacs
Pulmonary Trunk
119
Q

Metarterioles

A

Arterioles w/ discontinuous smooth muscle forming capillary sphincter to shut of blood supply

120
Q

Carotid Sinus

A

Specialized arterial structure that indirectly measures CO2 and O2 levels via BaroR

121
Q

Carotid and Aortic Bodies

A

Specialized arterial structures that directly measure CO2 and O2 levels via ChemoRs

122
Q

Pericyte

A

Stem cell adjacent to capillary to act as replacement w/ damage

123
Q

3 Types of Capillaries

A

Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoidal

124
Q

Arteriovenous Anastomoses

A

Attach arterial and venous systems to each other, bypassing capillary beds

125
Q

Pocket Valves

A

In medium and large veins to prevent backflow especially against gravity gradient

126
Q

Varicose Veins

A

Blood pooling around valves in veins, usually from sedentery activity

Histology (12 decks)

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