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Histology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Notable Feature of Endocrine Glands

A

Ductless

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2
Q

Hormone Structures

A

Vary widely, from AAs to prots to steroids

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3
Q

3 Opportunities for Varied Effects

A

Extracellular vs. intracellular Rs
Different Extracellular Rs
Different Intracellular effects from same extracellular R

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4
Q

2 Other Features of Endocrine System

A

Excellent blood supply - fenestrated capillaries

Self-regulatory feedback mech

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5
Q

Hypothalamus (3)

A

Sensory/regulatory center, releases releasing and inhibiting hormones (factors), as well as ADH and oxytocin via post.pit

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6
Q

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A

Local blood circuit that allows factors released by hypothalamus to get to pituitary immediately/at very high concs

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7
Q

Formation of Pituitary (2)

A

Adenohypophysis (ant pit) grows from roof of mouth and neurohypophysis (post pit) grows down from brain

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8
Q

3 Lobes of Ant Pit (anterior-post.)

A

Pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

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9
Q

2.2 Kinds of Cells in Pars distalis

A

Chromophobes

Chromophils - acidophils and basophils

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10
Q

2 Kinds of Acidophils (and products)

A

Somatotrophs - growth hormone (GH)

Mammotrophs - prolactin (PRL)

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11
Q

Prolactin function in males

A

Stabilize male reproductive system

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12
Q

3 Kinds of Basophils (and products)

A

Gonadotrophs - FSH/LH
Corticotrophs - Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH)
Thyrotrophs - Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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13
Q

Pars intermedia (distinguishing feature and product)

A

Lots of colloid-filled cysts

Produces melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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14
Q

Pars Tuberalis location and products

A

Sticks onto pituitary stalk, has tons of gonadotrophs for LH + FSH

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15
Q

2 Structures in Postpit

A

Herring bodies - large expansions of end of axons

Pituicytes - small nuclei

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16
Q

Herring bodies function

A

Storage of ADH/oxytocin

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17
Q

Pituicyte function

A

Glial-like, support neurons

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18
Q

Difference b/w Acidophil and Basophil Hormone Function

A

Acidophil - work directly at target

Basophil - have intermediate

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19
Q

3 Functions of Oxytocin

A

Uterine contraction and mammary gland myoepithelial contraction and pair-bonding/positive social interaction

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20
Q

Pituitary Tumor (2 effects and common location)

A

Overproduces hormones and puts pressure on brain

Usually anterior pituitary bc turning over

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21
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Lack of ADH causes dilute urine

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22
Q

Thyroid Gross Structure

A

Bilobed w/ isthmus across

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23
Q

Thyroid Histological Structure

A

Large lobules w/ many round, paler follicles

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24
Q

Thyroid Follicles Function

A

Store thyroid hormone bc produce tons of thyroid hormone when you get iodine

25
Q

Thyroid Epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal usually

26
Q

Thyroid Release/Products

A

Stimulated by TSH to break down thyroglobulin and release T3 or T4 (thyroxin)

27
Q

Thyroglobulin

A

colloid protein that binds to lipophilic thyroid hormone and allows it to be stored

28
Q

Parafollicular Cells (location and function and regulation)

A

In thyroid next to follicular cells, produce calcitonin which lowers blood calcium
Only regulated by blood plasma Ca levels

29
Q

Cretinism

A

Hypothyroidism in children - mental deficiencies/growth problems

30
Q

Myxedema

A

Hypothyroidism in adults

31
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A

Autoimmune attack of thyroid hormone

32
Q

Grave’s disease

A

Hyperthyroidism - very bulgy eyes

33
Q

Parathyroid Location

A

4 Glands on posterior side of thyroid

34
Q

2 Types of Parathyroid Cells (+ appearance + function of 1)

A

Chief Cells - very dark staining, release PTH

Oxyphil Cells - large, acidophilic - unknown

35
Q

2 Effects of PTH

A

Increase blood Ca levels

Decrease blood phosphate levels

36
Q

3 Sources of Calcium Increase/Decrease

A

Consumption
Storage in bone
Excretion

37
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Tetany - not enough Ca in blood, spasmodic nerve firing, dense bones

38
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Very brittle bones, calcium in kidneys

39
Q

3 Zones of Adrenal Cortex (outside in)

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasiculata
Zona reticularis

40
Q

Zona glomerulosa product/function

A

Aldosterone - mineralocorticoid for Na/water balance

41
Q

Zona fasiculata and reticularis 2 products

A

Cortisol (glucocorticoid) and androgens like DHEA

42
Q

Glucocorticoid effects (2)

A

increase metabolism and suppress immune function

43
Q

Sources of Adrenal Cortex Regulation (2)

A

ACTH Mainly on Fasiculata and reticularis

Glomerulosa mainly by blood levels of salts/water etc

44
Q

Adrenal Cortex Stimulation Pathway

A

CRH from Hypothalamus signals antpit to release ACTH from acidophils which stimulates glucocorticoid release from zonas fasiculata and reticularis which do feedback inhibition on hypothalamus/pituitary

45
Q

Chromaffin Cells (3)

A

Adrenal medulla cells that produce epi and norepi
Just postganglionic sympathetic cell bodies
Stress response “fight or flight”

46
Q

Adrenal Blood Flow (4)

A

3 arteries come into subcapsular plexus, diffuse through cortex picking up everything like glucocorticoids, diffuse to medulla where they give it a super concentrated dose, and go out one central suprarenal vein

47
Q

High Levels of Glucocorticoids

A

Enhance stress response of medulla

48
Q

Addison’s Disease (4)

A

Hypoadrenal cortical activity, lack of glucocorticoids, skinny, lack of pigmentation and other stuff

49
Q

Cushing’s Disease (4)

A

Hyperadrenal cortical activity, excess glucocorticoids, moon face, weight gain, etc

50
Q

Hyperadrenal medullary activity (2)

A

Maybe from tumor, very jumpy bc too much NOR/EPI production

51
Q

4 Endocrine Pancreas Cells & Products

A

Alpha cells - glucagon
Beta cells - insulin
Delta cells - somatostatin
F cells - pancreatic polypeptide

52
Q

Somatostatin in pancreas

A

Inhibits alpha and beta cells

53
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Ineffectiveness of beta cells/insulin

54
Q

Pinealocyte Product/2 Functions

A

Melatonin, responsible for sleep/rhythm/cycles and free radical scavenging

55
Q

2 Kinds of Cells in Pineal Gland

A

Pinealocytes and glial cells

56
Q

Brain sand over time

A

of deposits increase w/ age

57
Q

Pineal Location in Brain

A

Dead center in brain, so could see tumors via displacement of it

58
Q

Thymus Hormones action

A

Regulate immune system development

59
Q

3 Hormones Produced by Placenta

A

hCG and some E&P

Histology (12 decks)

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