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Histology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

7 Parts of Conducting Portion of Respiratory System

A 
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles
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2
Q

Tidal System

A

Goes both ways, not circular or unidirectional system. Inefficient so things can collect/grow

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3
Q

3.1 Parts of Respiratory Portion

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts (which terminate into alveolar sacs)
Alveoli

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4
Q

6 Functions of Respiratory System

A 
Exchange of O2 and CO2
Acid-base balance
Body temp reg
Olfaction
Vocalization
Filtration and immune defense
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5
Q

Typical Respiratory Epithelium

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ lots of goblet cells

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6
Q

5 Types of Cells in Typical Respiratory Epithelium (& functions)

A 
Ciliated columnar
Goblet
Brush - has microvilli
Basal - stem cell, on basement membrane but not all way through
Small Granule - enteroendocrine
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7
Q

Trends Moving Throughout Respiratory Tract

A

Goblet cells decrease, ending by terminal bronchioles before lose cilia (so mucous doesn’‘t get stuck)
Lose cartilage changing from bronchi to bronchioles
Gain smooth muscle and elastic fibers, replacing support from cartilage

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8
Q

Vestibule

A

Front of nasal cavity, has hair to catch big things

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9
Q

Conchae (Turbinates)

A

Shelves of bone in nasal cavity proper w/ epithelial mucous membrane to increase SA of cavity and air gets warmed/humidified

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10
Q

Swell Bodies

A

Structures in nasal cavity that fill up w/ blood to regulate which nostril you’re breathing out of and provide heat for heat exchange

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11
Q

Olfactory Epithelium Location

A

Only on upper surface of nasal cavity

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12
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

Air filled spaces around nasal cavity

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13
Q

Vestibular Folds

A

False vocal folds in larynx w/ respiratory epithelium

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14
Q

Vocal Folds Epithelia

A

Stratified squamos epithelium

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15
Q

Bronchi Cartilage

A

Not ring like trachea, instead cartilage plates kind of randomly distributed

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16
Q

Bronchi Epithelium

A

Typical respiratory, but not as thick or robust

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17
Q

2 Determinants of Bronchioles

A

<5mm diameter

No cartilage

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18
Q

2 Supports for Bronchioles

A

Smooth muscle and elastic fibers

19
Q

Bronchiole Epithelium

A

Gets less complex as move distally

20
Q

Terminal Bronchiole Structure (3)

A

Simple cuboidal (occasionally columnar) epithelium surrounded by smooth muscle w/ no cartilage

21
Q

Bronchiolar Exocrine Cells

A

Cells interspersed in terminal bronchiole epithelium, pale w/ little dots

22
Q

Dividing line b/w terminal and respiratory bronchioles

A

Once alveoli sticking out, it’s respiratory

23
Q

Alveolar Duct Epithelium

A

Not lining of epithelium, just island rings of it

24
Q

Alveolar Sac

A

Deadend cul-de-sac of alveoli at end of alveolar duct

25
Q

Type I Alveolar Cells (5)

A

Squamous alveolar
Not many # of cells, but almost all of surface area
Thin walled
Pinocytotic vessels
Desmosomes and occluding junctions between cells

26
Q

Fused Basal Lamina

A

Capillary and PM of Type I squamos cell fuse together so O2/CO2 don’t have to cross cyt for transfer, just membranes and fused basal lamina

27
Q

Type II Alveolar Cells (4)

A

Septal or Great Alveolar Cells
Precursors for Type I or more Type IIs
Vesicular “foamy” cyt w/ lamellar bodies
Release surfactant

28
Q

Surfactant

A

Phospholipid layer which coats all alveoli that reduces surface tension so alveolus can stay open

29
Q

Lamellar Bodies

A

Where surfactant is produced in Type II alveolar cells

30
Q

3.1 Supporting Tissue Cells of Alveoli

A 
Capillary endothelial cells
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
Fibroblasts/mast cells - supporting connective tissue
31
Q

Capillary endothelial cells

A

Thin walled cells lining capillaries in alveoli to allow gas exchange via pinocytotic vesicles

32
Q

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) (2)

A

Phagocytize inhaled debris
“Heart Failure Cells” - heart failure increases lung pressure, bleed out into lungs, macrophages clean it up and will stain w/ RBC products

33
Q

Alveolar Pores

A

Holes that allow for intercommunication/air flow b/w alveoli

34
Q

Pleura

A

Squamos mesothelial cells on connective tissue of collagen/elastic fibers

35
Q

Blood/Lymph Vessels and Nerves of Lungs

A

Follow same path as bronchi-bronchioles

36
Q

Asthma (2)

A

Constrictions of smooth muscle in bronchi, NOT a problem w/ respiration, a problem w/ conduction

37
Q

Innervation

A

Controls conduction, NOT respiration. No innervation to alveoli

38
Q

Respiratory Distress Syndrome/Hyaline Membrane Disease (2)

A

Usually in premature newborns, lungs not fully developed so defect in surfactant production = collapsed lungs. Affects respiratory system, not conduction

39
Q

Emphysema (2)

A

Respiratory, not conducting problem

Damage to alveoli (usually elastic fibers) and lose them, so big open pockets instead of small ones so decreased SA

40
Q

Smoking Metaplasia

A

Irritated by smoke, respiratory epithelium tries to change to stratified squamos (metaplasia), can eventually lead to cancerous neoplasia

41
Q

3 Other Pulmonary Effects of Smoking

A

Loss of cilia
Mucous gland hyperplasia
Increased # of goblet cells

42
Q

Kartagener’s Syndrome

A

Immotile cilia syndrome, nonfunctional dynein arms, mucous buildup in lungs (resp infections and such)

43
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Conducting, not respiratory

Mutant chloride channels cause mucous buildup blocking off respiratory tract

Histology (12 decks)

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