Tsarist Economy, Culture & Modernisation Flashcards
What industry existed in the 1860s
State-run military factories
Small metal/wood workshops
Domestic textiles
Large scale private textiles & sugar
Who did Alexander invite to Russia in 1868 to help modernise iron and steel
John Hughes
What was the increase in miles of railway 1866-1881
3,000 to 13,270
Which modern day city was founded by John Hughes
Donetsk (Hugheskova)
Who are the Russian finance ministers
Von Reutern (62-78)
Bunge (81-86)
Vysnegradsky (87-92)
Witte (92-03)
What was Witte’s base idea for building industry
Iron, Coal & Steel as a base for development
Railway as a spring board
How many miles of railway existed in 1913
43,850
Why was railway successful as an economic stimulant
Increased metal, engineering and coal
Open up access to new oil fields
Encourage efficient farming as products could be sold to new markets
What statistics support the mass state sponsorship
1899 - state owned 2/3 of metallurgical productions
Controlled 70% of railways and some mines and oil fields
By 1900 what percentage of capital in companies had been invested in by foreigners.
33% of all
45% of industrial
Where were the foreign loans from
France (Primarily)
Germany and Britain
What protectionist policy did Witte introduce
High tariffs
When did Russia adopt the gold standard
1897
Which items did Witte raise taxes on
Vodka, kerosene, matches
How did Witte plan on paying back foreign loans
Grain Exports
Between 1890 and 1900 how much did iron & steel production increase
9 million poods in 1890
76 million in 1900
Between 1890 and 1900 how much did coal outpout increase
Tripled
When did Moscow become the fastest growing city in Europe
1900
In 1903 how many of the 35 Donbass blast furnaces were working
Only 23
Why did Russia enter a depression in 1899
International recession
Why did Russia not immediately recover from the recession
Russo-Japanese war
1905 Revoltion
In 1900 what percentage of Russia GDP was paying off debt
20% (10x the amount being spent on education)
What areas did Witte’s policies ignore
Light industry
Consumer goods
Agriculture
How did the industrial sector start up again in 1908
Russo-Japan rearmament
1910-1913 how many join stock companies were started
774
How much did coal output increase 1910-1913
8.6 million tons
How did Von Reutern reform the treasury
New arrangements for tax collecting (Ban on tax farming)
Government account audits
Budget publication
What banks were opened in the 1860s
State Bank - 1860
Municipal Bank - 1862
Savings Bank - 1869
What industry did Von Reutern focus on building up
Cotton & Coal
How much was the tariff Vysnegradsky adopted
30%
How much did Grain exports increase 1881-1891
18%
What did Vysnegradsky say about exports
We ourselves shall not eat, but we shall export
What caused the famine 1891-2
Poor harvests and grain exports
How many died in the great famine
350,000
How many of Russia’s provinces were effected by the great famine
17/39
When were the land banks introduced
Peasants (1883)
Nobles (1885)
How much did peasant land ownership increase 1877-1905
21.6 million hectares
What was the average annual GDP growth 1862-1878
6%
What farming method was used in the stagnant 1860-1880
Strip farming
By 1905 what percentage of landlord land had been passed to the peasants
27%
What percentage of arable land did the peasants own by 1913
66%
What’s the population increase 1861-79
50 million - 79 million
(29 million increase)
What was the growth in potato production 1880-1913
+43%
What was the Khutor & the Otrub
Khutor - Own land and house separate from village
Otrub - Owned 1 unit of land in village with access to communal areas
How much did the population of St Petersburg increase 1863-1914
Quadrupled
What percentage of the population were urban workers
2.5%
What percentage of towns folk sent money back to their peasant family -1907
90%
How long was the working day for the average worker
11 hours
Describe worker conditions
Disease ridden
Sleeping next to work benches (Rotation)
Strict rules and fines
Employment instability
What was the name the communal workers appartments
Artels
What was the literacy rate for workers in 1897
57.8%
What organisations rose up to held educate workers
Museum of Assistance to Labour
Marxist reading circles
When were Trade Unions made legal
1905
Why did housing conditions deteriorate 1910-1914
Population growth
What percentage of the work force were women in 1900
25%
Where were the best thriving peasant communes
Close to cities/towns
What is the rise in literacy for peasants 1897-1914
21% to 40%
What caused the biggest divides in the peasantry
Wealth and Age
How many households in the 1880s could not feed themselves (Tambov area)
2/3
What was the mir used as by peasants
Safety net
What is the decrease in noble land ownership 1861-1905
80% to 40% (halves)
1897 how many of the 1400 high ranking civil servants were nobles
1000
What was the All-Russia Union of Landowners
Anti-Stolypin Tsarist conservative nobles
Increase in doctors 1897-1914
17,000 - 28,000
What literature existed 1860-1914
Tolstoy - War & Peace, Anna Karenea
Chekhov - Cherry Orchard
Gorky - Mother
Who painted the Volga Barge haulers in 1873
Repin
When was the Black Square exhibited
1915
In 1914 what position did the Baku oil fields rank in global production
2nd (behind Texas)
What two liberating policies did Stolypin introduce in 1906
Right to leave the Mir
Abolish redemption payments
By 1914 what percentage of households had private farm land
10%
What were the limitations of Stolypin’s agricultural reforms
Only successful in western Russia
Mixed reaction (traitors, Stolypin separators)
Fall in livestock per capita
When was the first meeting of the All Russian Congress of Women
1908
