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History Russia - Stuart Beck > Tsarist Economy, Culture & Modernisation > Flashcards

Tsarist Economy, Culture & Modernisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What industry existed in the 1860s

A

State-run military factories
Small metal/wood workshops
Domestic textiles
Large scale private textiles & sugar

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2
Q

Who did Alexander invite to Russia in 1868 to help modernise iron and steel

A

John Hughes

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3
Q

What was the increase in miles of railway 1866-1881

A

3,000 to 13,270

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4
Q

Which modern day city was founded by John Hughes

A

Donetsk (Hugheskova)

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5
Q

Who are the Russian finance ministers

A

Von Reutern (62-78)
Bunge (81-86)
Vysnegradsky (87-92)
Witte (92-03)

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6
Q

What was Witte’s base idea for building industry

A

Iron, Coal & Steel as a base for development
Railway as a spring board

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7
Q

How many miles of railway existed in 1913

A

43,850

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8
Q

Why was railway successful as an economic stimulant

A

Increased metal, engineering and coal
Open up access to new oil fields
Encourage efficient farming as products could be sold to new markets

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9
Q

What statistics support the mass state sponsorship

A

1899 - state owned 2/3 of metallurgical productions
Controlled 70% of railways and some mines and oil fields

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10
Q

By 1900 what percentage of capital in companies had been invested in by foreigners.

A

33% of all
45% of industrial

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11
Q

Where were the foreign loans from

A

France (Primarily)
Germany and Britain

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12
Q

What protectionist policy did Witte introduce

A

High tariffs

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13
Q

When did Russia adopt the gold standard

A

1897

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14
Q

Which items did Witte raise taxes on

A

Vodka, kerosene, matches

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15
Q

How did Witte plan on paying back foreign loans

A

Grain Exports

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16
Q

Between 1890 and 1900 how much did iron & steel production increase

A

9 million poods in 1890
76 million in 1900

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17
Q

Between 1890 and 1900 how much did coal outpout increase

A

Tripled

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18
Q

When did Moscow become the fastest growing city in Europe

A

1900

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19
Q

In 1903 how many of the 35 Donbass blast furnaces were working

A

Only 23

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20
Q

Why did Russia enter a depression in 1899

A

International recession

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21
Q

Why did Russia not immediately recover from the recession

A

Russo-Japanese war
1905 Revoltion

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22
Q

In 1900 what percentage of Russia GDP was paying off debt

A

20% (10x the amount being spent on education)

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23
Q

What areas did Witte’s policies ignore

A

Light industry
Consumer goods
Agriculture

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24
Q

How did the industrial sector start up again in 1908

A

Russo-Japan rearmament

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25
Q

1910-1913 how many join stock companies were started

A

774

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26
Q

How much did coal output increase 1910-1913

A

8.6 million tons

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27
Q

How did Von Reutern reform the treasury

A

New arrangements for tax collecting (Ban on tax farming)
Government account audits
Budget publication

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28
Q

What banks were opened in the 1860s

A

State Bank - 1860
Municipal Bank - 1862
Savings Bank - 1869

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29
Q

What industry did Von Reutern focus on building up

A

Cotton & Coal

30
Q

How much was the tariff Vysnegradsky adopted

A

30%

31
Q

How much did Grain exports increase 1881-1891

A

18%

32
Q

What did Vysnegradsky say about exports

A

We ourselves shall not eat, but we shall export

33
Q

What caused the famine 1891-2

A

Poor harvests and grain exports

34
Q

How many died in the great famine

A

350,000

35
Q

How many of Russia’s provinces were effected by the great famine

A

17/39

36
Q

When were the land banks introduced

A

Peasants (1883)
Nobles (1885)

37
Q

How much did peasant land ownership increase 1877-1905

A

21.6 million hectares

38
Q

What was the average annual GDP growth 1862-1878

A

6%

39
Q

What farming method was used in the stagnant 1860-1880

A

Strip farming

40
Q

By 1905 what percentage of landlord land had been passed to the peasants

A

27%

41
Q

What percentage of arable land did the peasants own by 1913

A

66%

42
Q

What’s the population increase 1861-79

A

50 million - 79 million

(29 million increase)

43
Q

What was the growth in potato production 1880-1913

A

+43%

44
Q

What was the Khutor & the Otrub

A

Khutor - Own land and house separate from village
Otrub - Owned 1 unit of land in village with access to communal areas

45
Q

How much did the population of St Petersburg increase 1863-1914

A

Quadrupled

46
Q

What percentage of the population were urban workers

A

2.5%

47
Q

What percentage of towns folk sent money back to their peasant family -1907

A

90%

48
Q

How long was the working day for the average worker

A

11 hours

49
Q

Describe worker conditions

A

Disease ridden
Sleeping next to work benches (Rotation)
Strict rules and fines
Employment instability

50
Q

What was the name the communal workers appartments

A

Artels

51
Q

What was the literacy rate for workers in 1897

A

57.8%

52
Q

What organisations rose up to held educate workers

A

Museum of Assistance to Labour
Marxist reading circles

53
Q

When were Trade Unions made legal

A

1905

54
Q

Why did housing conditions deteriorate 1910-1914

A

Population growth

55
Q

What percentage of the work force were women in 1900

A

25%

56
Q

Where were the best thriving peasant communes

A

Close to cities/towns

57
Q

What is the rise in literacy for peasants 1897-1914

A

21% to 40%

58
Q

What caused the biggest divides in the peasantry

A

Wealth and Age

59
Q

How many households in the 1880s could not feed themselves (Tambov area)

A

2/3

60
Q

What was the mir used as by peasants

A

Safety net

61
Q

What is the decrease in noble land ownership 1861-1905

A

80% to 40% (halves)

62
Q

1897 how many of the 1400 high ranking civil servants were nobles

A

1000

63
Q

What was the All-Russia Union of Landowners

A

Anti-Stolypin Tsarist conservative nobles

64
Q

Increase in doctors 1897-1914

A

17,000 - 28,000

65
Q

What literature existed 1860-1914

A

Tolstoy - War & Peace, Anna Karenea
Chekhov - Cherry Orchard
Gorky - Mother

66
Q

Who painted the Volga Barge haulers in 1873

A

Repin

67
Q

When was the Black Square exhibited

A

1915

68
Q

In 1914 what position did the Baku oil fields rank in global production

A

2nd (behind Texas)

69
Q

What two liberating policies did Stolypin introduce in 1906

A

Right to leave the Mir
Abolish redemption payments

70
Q

By 1914 what percentage of households had private farm land

A

10%

71
Q

What were the limitations of Stolypin’s agricultural reforms

A

Only successful in western Russia
Mixed reaction (traitors, Stolypin separators)
Fall in livestock per capita

72
Q

When was the first meeting of the All Russian Congress of Women

A

1908

History Russia - Stuart Beck (21 decks)

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