Alex II - Other reforms and opposition Flashcards
What was the main issue with local government before 1864
Lead by unelected nobility
What role was the Zemstva given
Control of roads, school and health in local areas
What was the biggest issue with the local government reform
Elections were nobility dominated
How long were Zemstva representatives elected for
3 years
What were the problems with the courts system before 1864
Complicated system clogged up with bureaucracy
Unqualified judges
Bias towards male nobles
No juries
What were the main concepts of the judicial reforms
Simplification of the system
Judicial job security
Open courts
Jury trials for serious cases
JPs introduced
What were JPs
Justices of the Peace - Leaders of Small case courts
What was the effect of the JPs
Less corrupt courts that took quick affirmative action
What were the main issues with the Judicial reform
Some bureaucracy remained
Church & Military courts unaffected
Class segregation
When were the military reforms implemented and whom by
1861-81
Dmitri Milyutin
How much did the army reserve increase 1862-1870
+340,000
What were the main aspects of the military reforms
Conscription down to 6 years active, 9 in reserve
Modernisation of training
Reduction in punishments
New technology slowly introduced
What were the main issues with military reform
Universal conscription wasn’t true and peasants were still being relied upon
Modernisation was happening too slowly so was never truly up to date
1856-1878 how many primary schools were built
17,000
How many people were in primary education by 1878
1 million
1865-1899 what was the increase in the number of people attending university
4,000 - 16,000 (x4)
What reform was made to universities
Taken out of government control and were now self governing
How were women affected by the education reforms
Could attend and learn but not gain qualifications
What was the negative effect of the education reforms on the Tsar
Enlightenment
How was censorship loosened
Removal of preventive censorship
Allowed to publish papers discussing government
How did Alexander’s personal life influence his reactionary turn
Death of his eldest child
Illness of his favour
Public affair with mistress
What caused Alexander II’s turn to Russification
1863-64 Polish rebellion
How did Alexander backtrack on his education reforms
Removed autonomy
Curriculum restrictions
Banning extra-curricular activities
Who was appointed head of the third section
Pytor Shuvalov
What were the assassination attempts of 1879 & 1880
79 - Royal Train bombing
80 - Winter Palace dining room bombing
How many people were under police supervision in 1880
31,000
What was in the Loris Melikov proposal
Abolition of the 3rd section
Scale back surveillance
Increase peasant rights
National representative body
When was ‘Going to the People’ and who was it influenced by
1873-74
A. Herzen
What was the peasant reaction to ‘Going to the People’
Confusion and reporting
When was the trail of the 193 and what was it
1877
Trail held for those who went to the people, 150+ were freed due to jury sympathies
Who did Vera Zasulich kill
Governor of Saint Petersburg
What did Alexander do in response to Zasulich’s acquittal
Held political trails in private
Where did the People’s Will form from
Extremists in Land and Liberty
What was the Black Partition
A breakaway group of Land and Liberty following the ideas of Narodniks
Who were Alexander’s liberal intellectual opposition
Herzen
Chernyshevsky
Lavrov
Plekhanov
Who was responsible for the 1866 assassination attempt
Dmitry Karakozov
When was the Famine under Alexander II
1879-1880
What was the result of the Russo-Turkish war 1877-78
Russian victory
