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History Russia - Stuart Beck > Alex II - Other reforms and opposition > Flashcards

Alex II - Other reforms and opposition Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the main issue with local government before 1864

A

Lead by unelected nobility

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2
Q

What role was the Zemstva given

A

Control of roads, school and health in local areas

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3
Q

What was the biggest issue with the local government reform

A

Elections were nobility dominated

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4
Q

How long were Zemstva representatives elected for

A

3 years

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5
Q

What were the problems with the courts system before 1864

A

Complicated system clogged up with bureaucracy
Unqualified judges
Bias towards male nobles
No juries

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6
Q

What were the main concepts of the judicial reforms

A

Simplification of the system
Judicial job security
Open courts
Jury trials for serious cases
JPs introduced

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7
Q

What were JPs

A

Justices of the Peace - Leaders of Small case courts

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8
Q

What was the effect of the JPs

A

Less corrupt courts that took quick affirmative action

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9
Q

What were the main issues with the Judicial reform

A

Some bureaucracy remained
Church & Military courts unaffected
Class segregation

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10
Q

When were the military reforms implemented and whom by

A

1861-81

Dmitri Milyutin

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11
Q

How much did the army reserve increase 1862-1870

A

+340,000

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12
Q

What were the main aspects of the military reforms

A

Conscription down to 6 years active, 9 in reserve
Modernisation of training
Reduction in punishments
New technology slowly introduced

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13
Q

What were the main issues with military reform

A

Universal conscription wasn’t true and peasants were still being relied upon
Modernisation was happening too slowly so was never truly up to date

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14
Q

1856-1878 how many primary schools were built

A

17,000

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15
Q

How many people were in primary education by 1878

A

1 million

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16
Q

1865-1899 what was the increase in the number of people attending university

A

4,000 - 16,000 (x4)

17
Q

What reform was made to universities

A

Taken out of government control and were now self governing

18
Q

How were women affected by the education reforms

A

Could attend and learn but not gain qualifications

19
Q

What was the negative effect of the education reforms on the Tsar

A

Enlightenment

20
Q

How was censorship loosened

A

Removal of preventive censorship
Allowed to publish papers discussing government

21
Q

How did Alexander’s personal life influence his reactionary turn

A

Death of his eldest child
Illness of his favour
Public affair with mistress

22
Q

What caused Alexander II’s turn to Russification

A

1863-64 Polish rebellion

23
Q

How did Alexander backtrack on his education reforms

A

Removed autonomy
Curriculum restrictions
Banning extra-curricular activities

24
Q

Who was appointed head of the third section

A

Pytor Shuvalov

25
Q

What were the assassination attempts of 1879 & 1880

A

79 - Royal Train bombing
80 - Winter Palace dining room bombing

26
Q

How many people were under police supervision in 1880

A

31,000

27
Q

What was in the Loris Melikov proposal

A

Abolition of the 3rd section
Scale back surveillance
Increase peasant rights
National representative body

28
Q

When was ‘Going to the People’ and who was it influenced by

A

1873-74

A. Herzen

29
Q

What was the peasant reaction to ‘Going to the People’

A

Confusion and reporting

30
Q

When was the trail of the 193 and what was it

A

1877

Trail held for those who went to the people, 150+ were freed due to jury sympathies

31
Q

Who did Vera Zasulich kill

A

Governor of Saint Petersburg

32
Q

What did Alexander do in response to Zasulich’s acquittal

A

Held political trails in private

33
Q

Where did the People’s Will form from

A

Extremists in Land and Liberty

34
Q

What was the Black Partition

A

A breakaway group of Land and Liberty following the ideas of Narodniks

35
Q

Who were Alexander’s liberal intellectual opposition

A

Herzen
Chernyshevsky
Lavrov
Plekhanov

36
Q

Who was responsible for the 1866 assassination attempt

A

Dmitry Karakozov

37
Q

When was the Famine under Alexander II

A

1879-1880

38
Q

What was the result of the Russo-Turkish war 1877-78

A

Russian victory

History Russia - Stuart Beck (21 decks)

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