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(6-10) Translational Medical Science > Trigger 7: TBI and cells of the brain > Flashcards

Trigger 7: TBI and cells of the brain Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

name the glial cells of the CNS

A

astrocytes

microglia

oligodendrites

ependymal cells

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2
Q

name the glial cells of the PNS

A

satellite cells

schwann cells

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3
Q

two types of glia

A

PNS and CNS

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4
Q

how much of the brain volume do glia make up

A

70%

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5
Q

why do glial cells make up 70% of the brain volume

A

huge amount of cells needed to support neurones

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6
Q

half of all glia are

A

astrocytes

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7
Q

role of glia cells

A
  • clear out substances that shouldn’t be there - maintaining neurones - maintaining tight junctions
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8
Q

support cells of the CNS

A

astrocytes microglia

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9
Q

glial scar formation

A

A structural formation of reactive glia around an area of severe tissue damage. Caused by Myelin-associated inhibitors, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors and microglia

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10
Q

what causes glial scar formation

A

a response to tissue damage - myelin-associated inhibitors -astrocytes -oligodendrocytes - oligodendrocyte precursors - microglia

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11
Q

NG2 GLIA

A

polydendrocytes

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12
Q

NG2 GLIA cause

A

inhibition of axon regeneration by both expression of inhibitory:

  • H2 proteoglycan
  • As well as formation of synaptic contacts
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13
Q

outline simple steps of glial scar formation

A

1) Increase homeostatic and tropic functions of glial cells
2) Secretory activity e.g. cytokines and GF of glial cell
3) Proliferation of glial cells
4) Migration of glial cells
5) Glial scar formation and BBB repair

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14
Q

the BBB

A

BBB forms in blood vessels which surrounds most of the brain. Maintains tight junctions of endothelial cells ensuring the brain maintains its highly restricted environment

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15
Q

why is BBB important

A

prevents toxins and pathogens from entering the brain

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16
Q

the BBB is highly selective allowing

A

water, oxygen and LIPID SOLUBLE substances to pass through

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17
Q

how is glucose transported into the brain

A

actively transported

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18
Q

tight junction restrict

A

the space between endothelial cells

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19
Q

which glial cell supports the BB by surrounding blood vessels

A

astrocytic ends (think of picture

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20
Q

in a capillary there are…. between endothelial cells

A

fenestrations (gaps)

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21
Q

transcellular lipophilic pathway

A

lipid soluble agents diffuse through

glucose, amino acids and nucleosides are actively transported across the membrane

22
Q

receptor mediated trancytosis

A

insulin transferrin

23
Q

adsoprtive transcytosis

A

albumin and other plasma proteis (forms vesicle in outer membrane which cross the memrane to the other side

24
Q

paracellular aqueous pathway

A

means water can still pass through tight junctions

25
Q

astrocytes

A

surround blood vessels in the brain, helping to maintain tight junctions

  • processes make cotnact with the BBB
  • provide nutirents to the neurones by creating an interface to the blood
26
Q

amoeboid astrocytes

A

acute disease

phagocytosing- mops up damaged cells

27
Q

Astrocytes can take two forms

A

rod-like

amoeboid

28
Q

rod-like astrocyte shape

A

Chronic disease

Lays down layer of rods

29
Q

how do astrocytes support synapes

A

by recyling NT via retrograde signalling

30
Q

microglia

A

survey for foreign obects, acting like macrophages (clear cellular debris and neurones using autophagy)

31
Q

how do microglia help organise the brain

A

by destroying debris and unneeded neurones using autophagy

32
Q

In TBI, receptors on microglia bind with

A

APoE (CTE)

33
Q

microglia promote

A

inflammation

34
Q

resting shape of microglia

A

ramified

35
Q

ramified microglia

A

act as surveillance cells to maintain the homeostasis of the neuronal microenvironement

-directly remove dysfunction synaptic terminals to maintain the integrity of neuronal circuitry

36
Q

rod-shaped/ bipolar microglia

A

have elongated cell bodies with their processes extended towards the two ends

  • phagocytic in nature which involve the internalisatio of degenerating neurons after CNS injury
  • invovled in neuronal circuit regorganisation via synaptic stripping
37
Q

amoeboid microglia

A
  • highly motile with few processes
  • invole int ehe degradation of extracellula laminin
  • acitvely pahgocytes cellular debrs and extrceullar protein aggregates such as B-amyloid and alpha-synuclein
  • secrete neurotoxic factors which induce neruone cell death
38
Q

which form of microglia cause neuronal cell death

A

amoeboid microglia by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokine

(IL-1B, TNFa, NO etc)

39
Q

in a healthy CNS how are microglia displayed

A

as ramified microglia

40
Q

in response to TBI, chronic neuroinflammation, LPS and bacteria-induced neuroinflamamtion etc ramified microglia change to

A

ameoboid microglia

41
Q

LPS activation and chronic and sustained activation of microglia in later stages of neurodegeneration convert rod-shape microglia to

A

ameoboid microglia

42
Q

scratched laminin-coated surgave, patients with paralytic dementia and chronic neuropathological disorders causes the conversion of ramified microglia to

A

rod-shaped

43
Q

rod-like microglia are present into what sort of disease

A

chronic e.g. degenrative brain disorders

44
Q

amoeboid microglia are present during…. disease

A

acute disease

45
Q

when a micrgolia senses danger

A
  • It becomes more compact, with the long arms contract inwards (ameboid).
  • These microglia then start to multiply rapidly.
  • They release cytokines to attract other immune cells, like T cells
  • Also release chemicals which recruits neurones and astrocytes which helps the brain heal
46
Q

three main types of microglia 9accoridng to loacation

A

cortex-ramified

corpus callosum

hippocampus

47
Q

the gliovascuar unit

A

the BBB and glia (astroctyes and microglia) surrrounding it

48
Q

the gliovascular unit explanation

A

The BBB and the astrocytes surrounding it- the receptors which go within that membrane to cause movement of ions such as TGF-B and other cytokines, glutamate transmitters.

Further surrounding this complex are microglia- ensure what goes in and out of the brain

49
Q

within TBI patients

A

both immediate and delayed dysfunction of the BBB/gliovasuclar unit are observed

50
Q

how is the BBB disrupted during TBI

A

disruption of tight junctions increases permebaility

  • oxidative stress
  • increased production of pro inflammatory mediators
  • upregulation of cell adhesion molecules expression on the surface of the brain endotheliumàpromoting influx of inflammatory cell
51
Q
A

(6-10) Translational Medical Science (40 decks)

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