Trigger 7: Diagnosis and treatment of TBI Flashcards
name 6 diagnosis imaging for TBI
1) X-ray 2) CT scan 3) MRI scan 4)EEG 5) PET scan 6) DTI
worst form of diagnostic imaging of TBI
x-ray -cant see brain -can show skull damage
CT
computed tomography
CT would show
bleeding within the skull
MRI scan
magnetic resonance imaging
what would an MRI scan show
build up of fluids skull fracture
EEG
electroencephalograph
EEG is equivalent to a
CCG
EEG can be used to help understand
epileptic seizures
PET scan
positron emission tomography
PET scans are
expensive and don’t tell you much more than n MRI
DTI
diffusion tensor imaging
diffusor tensoi imaging is
best at tell us about damage in the brain - it identified which part of the brain has been damage by isolating white matter axon tracks
which is the least used method
DTI - very expensive - large equipment
treatment immediately after injury
chilling the brain
chilling the brain puts it into
hypothermia - NT disperse more easily at high temps, therefore cooling the brain reduces the leakage of NT
give an example of a NT that leaks from the brain
glutamate
chilling the brain also
slows lack of oxygen and glucose in the brain –> e.g. not working so hard so won’t need oxygen and glucose as much
potential therapeutic target for pharmacological intervention
1) ameliorating the pro-inflamamtory M1-response 2) promote the anti-inflammatory M2 positive tissue remodelling
name a drug already used which targets microglia after TBI
Minocyline- turns M1 into M2 Lipid lowering drugs for immnomodulation HDAC inhibitors
Although anti-inflammatory drugs have been found to help TBI within animal models…
none have been found to be effective in humans
microglial cells are the target of many
anti-inflammation strategies and their phenotypes are of great significance in TBI treatment
strategies inhibiting the M1 phenotype and promoting the M2 phenotypes could
alleviate cerebral cell damage and help functional recovery
statins
lipid lowering drug
name three example drugs
1) Mincocyline 2) Statins 3) HDAC inhibitors
mincocyline
used to prevent inflammation by inhibiting microglial activation
statins are thought to
help prevent inflammation by attenuating microglia and astrocyte activation- decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1B, IL-6 and TNF-a
statins inhibit
pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1B, IL-6 and TNF-a
HDAC inhitotrs
inhibit HDAC and activate gene transcription
HDAC
remove acetyl group on a histone, causing tighter DNA wrapping around histone suppressing gene transcriptions
HDAC simple
inhibit gene transcription
HDAC convert relaxed chromatin to condensed chromatin by
catalysing the removal of acetyl group on the histone

relaxed chromatin
transcriptional activation
condensed chromatin
transcriptional repression
what adds acetyl group back onto a histone causing chromatin to relax
HATs
HDAC inhibitors and TBI
revents white matter injury by modulating microglia/macrophage polarization