Trigger 7: TBI Flashcards
definition of TBI
injury to the brain caused by trauma to the head, not of degenerative or congenital off nature, requiring external physical force
TBI is not a result of
degenerative or congenital disorders
how many deaths result from TBI
1/3
the main causes of TBI
falling and car crash
who can suffer from TBI
ayone
examples of TBI
hitting head
meningitis
subdural haematoma
when does TBI have to be sustained to count
after birth (cant happen to a fetus)
why is plagiocephaly not a TBI
happens in the wound
frontal lobe
concentrate, problem solving and speech
parietal
senses e.g. touch, pain and temp
occipital
vision
temporal
memory and organisation
cerebellum
balance and coordination
brainstem
breathing and heart rate
TBI fontal injury
lack of focus, irritability and language difficult
TBI parietal injury
difficult with reading and spatial misperception
TBI occipital injury
blind spots and blurred vision
TBI temporal
problems with short and longer term memory
TBI cerebellum
difficult walking and slurred speech
TBI brainstem
changes in breath and difficult swallowing
two types of TBI
open head injury
closed head injury
open head injury
penetrating injury- where the bone and hair goes into the brain
example of open head injury
Phineas gage- personality change
every of open head injury dependant on
which area is damaged
damage to both hemispheres, ventricles or multiple lobes are
fatal
close head injury
blunt injury
example of blunt injury
falling over and stroke
which type of injury is very sports related
closed head injury
types of closed head injruy
coup and contra coupe injuries
a coup injury occurs
under the site of impact within an object
a contracoup injury
occurs due to COUNTER LASH, where injury occurs on the side opposite to the area that was hit
if patient has subdural haematoma
they will have both coup and contra coup injuries
with the suck you get
rotational acceleration forces e.g. shaking a baby back and force
symptoms of concussion
sadness
balance issues
sleeping more or less
memory loss
what happens to the brain during concussion (3)
(1) axonal injuury
(2) a little bit of bouncing
(3) neuronal death
axonal injury
caused by tearing and sheering- which cause axonal injury - white maater
neuronal death
grey matter- caused by axonal injury
subdural haematoma
bleeding under the dura mater (covering the brain)
white matter injruy
reers to axonal damage
white matter injuries occur due to
twisting and tearing of the brain inside the skull
secondary damage orcs when
soon after trauma
what does secondary damage cause
changes in blood flow, oxygen level and excitotoxicity (INFLAMMATION)
what causes damage to the axon
shearing and tearing forces- some rotational aspect
TBI causes loss of
both white (axonal) and grey (neuronal) matter
axonal
white matter
neuronal
grey
explain how damage to the axon causes damage to neurone
white matter is the initial tearing- which causes release of cytokine. These cytokines KILLLL neurones
diffuse axonal injury
associated with acceleration/deceleration and rotational forces acting on the head, which may cause excessive axonal stretching and the structural damage.’
