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(6-10) Translational Medical Science > Trigger 10: ILOs > Flashcards

Trigger 10: ILOs Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

neonates with overweight mothers

A

a more likely to be large for gestational age

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2
Q

maternal traits hypothesised to increase growth of baby

A
  • higher BMI

- higher fasting glucose (diabetes)

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3
Q

maternal traits hypothesised to decrease growth of baby

A

high blood pressure

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4
Q

possible confounders in maternal BMI relation to baby BMI

A

socioeconomic factors and smoking

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5
Q

paternal diabetes is associated with

A

lower birthweight

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6
Q

maternal diabetes is

A

associated with increased birthweight

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7
Q

BMI can be a …… factor of other diseases rather than coincidental

A

a casual factor rather than coincidental

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8
Q

examples of diseases which are caused by higher BMI

A

Psoriasis

Depression

cancer

Osteoarthritis

CVD

T2DM

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9
Q

BMI and psoriasis

A

evidence that higher BMI leads to risk of psoriasis

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10
Q

evidence that higher BMI leads to risk of psoriasis supports the prioritisation of

A

therapies and lifestyle interventions aimed to control weight for prevention or treatment of psoriasis

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11
Q

why high psoriasis and obesity be related

A

psoriasis is an inflammatory disease and obesity causes inflammation

  • increased body fat is associated with higher levels of inflammatory cytokines known to be involved with psoriasis
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12
Q

depression is more common in

A

obese individuals than non-obese individuals

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13
Q

who are more likely to suffer with depression if they are obese

A

association stronger in women

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14
Q

higher BMI

A

higher odds of depression

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15
Q

Obesity and depression causality

A

directionality of correlation conflict

  • uncertain whether obesity or depression is the causative effect
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16
Q

obesity correlation with depression is an example of

A

bidirectional causal relationship

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17
Q

cancers associated with higher BMI

A

endometrial

oesophageal

colorectal

prostate and renal

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18
Q

hormones associated with obesity that causes cancer

A

insulin

insulin-like growth factor 1

sex steroids

adipokines

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19
Q

obesity can cause increased

A

force on joints and decreased muscle strength

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20
Q

obesities inflammatory state is also correlated with

A

osteoarthritis

21
Q

expression of what, increased during obesity, is thought to damage joints

A

adipokines

22
Q

examples of adipokines

A

leptin and adiponectin

23
Q

leptin has been found to increase levels of

A

degenerative enzymes, such as MMPs, NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines

24
Q

obesity is a leading cause of

A

CVD

25
Q

what is released from abnormally enlarged adipose tissue

A

plasma free fatty acids (FFA)

26
Q

plasma free fatty acids produce

A

insulin resistance and inflammation- causative of CVD

27
Q

total blood volume and cardiac output are

A

increased in obesity (increased cardiac workload)

28
Q

association of higher BMI and (CVD)

A

heart attacks and strokes

29
Q

both T2DM and obesity are associated with

A

insulin resistance

30
Q

most obese people, although insulin resistant

A

will not develop T2DM

31
Q

why will obese people with insulin resistance not develop T2DM

A

due to the amount of insulin being produced by beta-cells being sufficient

32
Q

when does T2DM occur

A

when dysfunction to B cell occurs causing insufficient amount of insulin to be produced

33
Q

T2DM associated with

A

CVD - heart, stroke, eyes, renal

34
Q

which substance are high in obese people

A

nonsterified fatty acids, glycerol, pro-inflammatory cytokines

35
Q

nonsterified fatty acids, glycerol, pro-inflammatory cytokines related to

A

glucolipotoxicity- damage to B cells

36
Q

preference for sweet food is

A

biologically controlled

37
Q

FGF21

A

reduces sweet consumption in rodents and primates

38
Q

knockout Fgf21

A

increase sugar consumption in mice

39
Q

what increase sugar consumption in mice

A

knockout Fgf21

40
Q

association between Fgf21 and

A

increase consumption of sweets as well as alcohol intake and daily smoking

41
Q

liver secretes

A

hormones that influence eating behaviour

42
Q

a common variant in RARB

A

increase carbohydrate intake

43
Q

rare variant in DRAM1

A

protein intake

44
Q

name three genes which can be mutated to cause monogenic disease

A
  • leptin
  • leptin receptor deficiency
  • melanocortin 3 receptor gene
45
Q

Leptin and leptin receptor deficiency

A
  • rare autosomal recessive disorders associated with severe obesity from a young age
46
Q

leptin receptor mutations are most common in

A

consanguineous families

47
Q

mutation sin MC4R

A

common form of monogenic obesity

- mutations leading to loss of function are associated with most severe phenotype

48
Q

the correlation between the signalling properties of mutation receptors and energy intake

A

emphasises the key role of this receptor in the control of earring behaviours in humans

(6-10) Translational Medical Science (40 decks)

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