Trigger 10: ILOs Flashcards
neonates with overweight mothers
a more likely to be large for gestational age
maternal traits hypothesised to increase growth of baby
- higher BMI
- higher fasting glucose (diabetes)
maternal traits hypothesised to decrease growth of baby
high blood pressure
possible confounders in maternal BMI relation to baby BMI
socioeconomic factors and smoking
paternal diabetes is associated with
lower birthweight
maternal diabetes is
associated with increased birthweight
BMI can be a …… factor of other diseases rather than coincidental
a casual factor rather than coincidental
examples of diseases which are caused by higher BMI
Psoriasis
Depression
cancer
Osteoarthritis
CVD
T2DM
BMI and psoriasis
evidence that higher BMI leads to risk of psoriasis
evidence that higher BMI leads to risk of psoriasis supports the prioritisation of
therapies and lifestyle interventions aimed to control weight for prevention or treatment of psoriasis
why high psoriasis and obesity be related
psoriasis is an inflammatory disease and obesity causes inflammation
- increased body fat is associated with higher levels of inflammatory cytokines known to be involved with psoriasis
depression is more common in
obese individuals than non-obese individuals
who are more likely to suffer with depression if they are obese
association stronger in women
higher BMI
higher odds of depression
Obesity and depression causality
directionality of correlation conflict
- uncertain whether obesity or depression is the causative effect
obesity correlation with depression is an example of
bidirectional causal relationship
cancers associated with higher BMI
endometrial
oesophageal
colorectal
prostate and renal
hormones associated with obesity that causes cancer
insulin
insulin-like growth factor 1
sex steroids
adipokines
obesity can cause increased
force on joints and decreased muscle strength
obesities inflammatory state is also correlated with
osteoarthritis
expression of what, increased during obesity, is thought to damage joints
adipokines
examples of adipokines
leptin and adiponectin
leptin has been found to increase levels of
degenerative enzymes, such as MMPs, NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines
obesity is a leading cause of
CVD
what is released from abnormally enlarged adipose tissue
plasma free fatty acids (FFA)
plasma free fatty acids produce
insulin resistance and inflammation- causative of CVD
total blood volume and cardiac output are
increased in obesity (increased cardiac workload)
association of higher BMI and (CVD)
heart attacks and strokes
both T2DM and obesity are associated with
insulin resistance
most obese people, although insulin resistant
will not develop T2DM
why will obese people with insulin resistance not develop T2DM
due to the amount of insulin being produced by beta-cells being sufficient
when does T2DM occur
when dysfunction to B cell occurs causing insufficient amount of insulin to be produced
T2DM associated with
CVD - heart, stroke, eyes, renal
which substance are high in obese people
nonsterified fatty acids, glycerol, pro-inflammatory cytokines
nonsterified fatty acids, glycerol, pro-inflammatory cytokines related to
glucolipotoxicity- damage to B cells
preference for sweet food is
biologically controlled
FGF21
reduces sweet consumption in rodents and primates
knockout Fgf21
increase sugar consumption in mice
what increase sugar consumption in mice
knockout Fgf21
association between Fgf21 and
increase consumption of sweets as well as alcohol intake and daily smoking
liver secretes
hormones that influence eating behaviour
a common variant in RARB
increase carbohydrate intake
rare variant in DRAM1
protein intake
name three genes which can be mutated to cause monogenic disease
- leptin
- leptin receptor deficiency
- melanocortin 3 receptor gene
Leptin and leptin receptor deficiency
- rare autosomal recessive disorders associated with severe obesity from a young age
leptin receptor mutations are most common in
consanguineous families
mutation sin MC4R
common form of monogenic obesity
- mutations leading to loss of function are associated with most severe phenotype
the correlation between the signalling properties of mutation receptors and energy intake
emphasises the key role of this receptor in the control of earring behaviours in humans
