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(6-10) Translational Medical Science > Trigger 10: Obesity Genetics > Flashcards

Trigger 10: Obesity Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

BMI=

A

weight in kg/ height in M2

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2
Q

centiles by age and sex are defined to pass through

A

18.5 BMI at the age of 18 in 6 populations

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3
Q

why should doctors be worried about obesity

A
  • Cancer
  • T2DM
  • CVD
  • Blood pressure
  • Arthritis
  • Mental health
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4
Q

BMI is not always part of

A

some CVD risk calculation methods

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5
Q

name a risk calculation for CVD that does not included BMI

A

framingham risk score of fatal cardiovascular events

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6
Q

what does framingham risk score of fatal cardiovascular events take into account

A

cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, age, sex and smoking status

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7
Q

weight and height are highly

A

polygenic

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8
Q

polygenic

A

traits controlled by two or more genes

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9
Q

the obesity epidemic is 100% down to

A

environment and not genetics

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10
Q

why is the obesity epidemic completely related to the environment

A

we cant change our genetics (at least not at the rate at which he obesity epidemics arisen), but we can change the environemnt

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11
Q

example of ways the government has tried to change the environment

A

sugar tax

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12
Q

sugar tax is predicted to prevent how many cases of child obesity per year

A

95,000

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13
Q

poverty and poorer education are

A

markers of higher obesity

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14
Q

well educated and poor educated people

A

but on weight as they age at the same rate as those from deprived background (e.g. same BMI change per year)

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15
Q

what have been found not to work

A

anti-obesity programmes

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16
Q

one anti-obesity programs involved

A

54 birmingham schools

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17
Q

how many children involved

A

1467 year 1 pupils

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18
Q

how long was the intervention

A

12 moths

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19
Q

what did the intervention involve

A

30 mins a day extra activity

20
Q

findings

A

no difference between BMI at 15 and 30 months

21
Q

there is also evidence that..

A

education based intervention in children don’t change BMI (meta-analyses have shown- think of forest plot)

22
Q

what causes obesity

A

increased obesity and T2DM in the 20-21st century cannot be due to changing genes- must be to do with environment

23
Q

example of people affected by obesity

A

the Pima indians

24
Q

the Pima indians

A

used to be a slim race, but now have a high prevalence and incidence of obesity
–> hypothesised to be caused by a change in environment

25
Q

BMI is

A

heritable- more so than the public perception

26
Q

what can be used to look at the heritability of BMI

A

twin, family and adoption studies

27
Q

what have twin, family and adoption studies shown

A

that 50% of variation in BMI is due to eugenic variation

28
Q

dizygotic twins

A

differences in genetics is evident in differences in height

29
Q

monozygotic twins

A

similarity of genetics is evident in similarity of height

30
Q

the strength of the genetic component to BMI

A

is not getting smaller in todays environmental

31
Q

bell curves of identical twins

A

closely overlapping (nearly on top of each other)

32
Q

bell curves of non-identical twins

A

only slightly overlapping- like two mountains

33
Q

distant relatedness is correlated with

A

BMI- suggests that 30% of variation in BMI genetic

34
Q

BMI correlations and genomic relationship matrix show that

A

those with higher BMI correlations, also have stronger genomic relationships

35
Q

siblings who share 60% of their genome are more similar in BMI than siblings sharing

A

40 of their genome

36
Q

therefore the more genome that is shared

A

the more similar BMI

37
Q

most common diseases are caused by

A

rare single gene forms (SNVs)

38
Q

Name some diseases caused by monogenic mutations

A
  • diabetes
  • alzheimers
  • breast cancer
  • obesity
39
Q

types of monogenic diabetes

A

neonatal

MODY

40
Q

mutations associated with maturity onset diabetes

A
  • HNF1a
  • HNF1b
  • HNF2b
  • Glucokinase
41
Q

mutations associated with neonatal diabetes

A
  • KCNJ11

- ABCC1

42
Q

alzheimers caused by mutations in what genes

A

PSEN1

43
Q

breast cancer caused by mutations in what genes

A

BrCa1/2

44
Q

obesity caused by mutations in what genes

A

MC4R

Leptin

45
Q

name a disease related to mutations in leptin and MC4R

A

Prader Willi syndrome

(6-10) Translational Medical Science (40 decks)

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