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HRM > TRH's female repro phys; 3.31 > Flashcards

TRH's female repro phys; 3.31 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are granulosa cells?

A

Around follicle…and antrum later on

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2
Q

What kind of receptor do granulosa cells have?

A

FSH receptor

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3
Q

What do granulosa cells produce?

A

Inhibin

Estrogen (estrone and estradiol-17β)

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4
Q

What is the downstream effect of inhibin?

A

Inhibits FSH secretion

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5
Q

What enzyme in granulosa cells form estrogen hormones?

A

CYP19 (aromatase)
Androstenedione → estrone (weak estrogen)
Testosterone → estradiol-17β (potent estrogen)

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6
Q

What is the downstream effect of estrogen on the HPO axis?

A

At low concentrations → suppresses secretion of FSH/LH

At high concentrations → stimulates secretion of FSH/LH

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7
Q

Where are theca cells?

A

Around granulosa cells

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8
Q

What kind of receptors do theca cells have?

A

LH receptors

LDL receptors

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9
Q

What do theca cells produce?

A

Androstenedione and some testosterone (goes to granulosa cells or vasculature)

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10
Q

What hypothalamic hormone stimulates secretion of FSH and LH?

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

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11
Q

What hypothalamic nucleus produces GnRH?

A

The arcuate nucleus produces GnRH

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12
Q

What kind of receptor does GnRH bind to?

A

Gq

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13
Q

hCG is released from where after fertilization of an egg?

A

Placenta

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14
Q

What is the effect of hCG?

A

hCG “rescues” the corpus luteum → keeps progesterone and estrogen levels high to maintain pregnancy

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15
Q

What else does the placenta do during pregnancy?

A

Takes over steroidogenesis and pregnancy maintenance

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16
Q

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of the corpus luteum dying?

A

Corpus luteum dying → decreased estrogen and progesterone

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17
Q

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of decreased estrogen and progesterone?

A

Decreased estrogen and progesterone → increased FSH/LH

decreased feedback inhibition

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18
Q

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of increased FSH/LH?

A

Increased FSH/LH → gradually increased estrogen and growing/maturing follicles

(increases synthesis in granulosa cells)

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19
Q

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of the gradual increase in estrogen?

A

Gradually increased estrogen → decreased FSH

feedback inhibition

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20
Q

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of decreased FSH?

A

Decreased FSH → selection of largest/most FSH sensitive follicle

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21
Q

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of selecting a single dominant follicle?

A

Single large follicle → produces HIGH levels of estrogen

22
Q

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of HIGH levels of estrogen?

A

HIGH levels of estrogen → stimulate secretion of FSH/LH

Inhibin is still inhibiting FSH secretion…so only LH is dramatically increased

23
Q

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of the LH surge?

A

LH surge → meiotic maturation, ovulation, and luteinization

24
Q

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of luteinization?

A

Luteinization → corpus luteum → HIGH levels of progesterone with some estrogen and inhibin

25
Q

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of HIGH levels of progesterone with some estrogen and inhibin?

A

HIGH levels of progesterone with some estrogen and inhibin → decreased FSH/LH

26
Q

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of decreased LH?

A

Decreased LH → corpus luteum dies

27
Q

What can “rescue” the corpus luteum? (already on a card…but it fit here too)

A

hCG causes an increase in LH-like activity

28
Q

What important hormonal shift induces parturition?

A

P > E → E > P

29
Q

What effect does progesterone have on myometrial cells?

A

Hyperpolarization of myometrial cells → prevents contractions

30
Q

What effect does progesterone have on adrenergic, oxytocin, and estrogen receptors?

A

Decreases/inhibits synthesis

31
Q

What effect does progesterone have on prostaglandin?

A

Promotes storage of prostaglandin synthesizing enzymes

32
Q

What effect does estrogen have on oxytocin receptors?

A

Estrogen increases oxytocin receptors

33
Q

What effect does estrogen have on the uterus?

A

Estrogen promotes uterine contractility

34
Q

What does estrogen do to the cervix?

A

Estrogen ripens the cervix

35
Q

What effect does estrogen have on prostaglandin?

A

Increases local release → myometrial contractions

36
Q

Which prostaglandins play major roles in reproduction?

A

PGF(2) and PHE

37
Q

What effect do prostaglandins have on the antral (Graafian) follicle?

A

Involved in the rupture (release of the oocyte)

38
Q

What role do prostaglandins play in the menstrual cycle?

A

Myometrial contraction during menstruation

39
Q

What role do prostaglandins play in pregnancy/parturition?

A

Cause contactions (Braxton Hicks during pregnancy an strong uterine during parturition)

40
Q

What develops during mammogenesis (breast development during puberty)

A

Epithelial ductal tree

41
Q

What hormones are required for mammogenesis?

A

Estrogen, glucocorticoids, and GH (somatotropin)

42
Q

When does lactogenesis I occur?

A

Mid/late pregnancy

43
Q

What happens during lactogenesis I?

A

Lobular-alveolar growth

44
Q

What hormones induce lactogenesis I?

A

Estrogen, glucocorticoids, prolactin, progesterone, and hPL

45
Q

When does lactogenesis II occur?

A

Post-partum

46
Q

What happens during lactogenesis II?

A

Onset of copious milk secretion

47
Q

What induces lactogenesis II?

A

Decreased progesterone (parturition of the placenta)

48
Q

What is galactopoiesis?

A

Maintenance of lactation

Presence of prolactin and removal of milk

49
Q

What induces milk ejection (let-down)?

A

Oxytocin, anticipation, and suckling

50
Q

What is involution?

A

Lack of prolactin

HRM (40 decks)

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