Endometrium and Myometrium Witrak Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two concerns with abnormal uterine bleeding?

A

Is it sufficient to cause anemia?

Is endometrial cancer present?

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2
Q

A patient comes in with abnormal uterine bleeding. How old would she have to be to automatically do an endometrial biopsy?

A

> 45yo is an indication to do an endometrial biopsy

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3
Q

A patient comes in with abnormal uterine bleeding, she is under 45yo. What would be necessary to indicate getting an endometrial biopsy done?

A

History of unopposed estrogen exposure (obese, chronic an ovulation)

Failed treatment of bleeding

Tamoxifen treatment

Hereditary cancer syndrome

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4
Q

What causes anovulation in postmenarche and perimenopausal females?

A

Estrogen driven proliferation without progesterone driven secretion

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5
Q

Besides when the body is trying to figure out what it’s doing, when else does anovulation happen?

A

PCOS

Endocrine disease/abnormalities… includes stress/exercise

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6
Q

What can be a sign/symptom of endometrial polyps? Who is most likely to have endometrial polyps?

A

Endometrial polyps → uterine bleeding…NOT necessarily carcinoma

Endometrial polyps are more common in postmenopausal women

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7
Q

What causes endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Chronic estrogen excess

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8
Q

Endometrial cancer is the most common GYN cancer in the developed world. Why is the incidence of endometrial cancer increasing?

A

Obesity → unopposed estrogen → endometrial cancer

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9
Q

Besides obesity, what else are risk factors for endometrial cancer?

A

Other unopposed estrogen states (chronic anovulation, nulliparity, tamoxifen treatment)

Diabetes/HTN

Lynch Syndrome

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10
Q

Unopposed estrogen states are most likely to cause which type of endometrial cancer?

A

Unopposed estrogen states → Type 1 endometrial cancer (80% of endometrial cancers)

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11
Q

What is seen in histology of Type 1 endometrial cancer?

A

Type 1 endometrial cancer presents with endometrioid tissue

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12
Q

What mutation is associated with Type 1 endometrial cancer?

A

Type 1 endometrial cancer often has a PTEN tumor suppressor mutation

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13
Q

What mutation is associated with Type 2 endometrial cancer?

A

p53 tumor suppressor gene is often mutated in Type 2 endometrial cancer

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14
Q

What is Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma (ESS)?

A

Typically diffuse myometrial or lymphatic invasion

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15
Q

How is ESS treated?

A

Hysterectomy is usually curative

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16
Q

What can happen with ESS even decades after treatment?

A

ESS → distant metastases (lungs)

17
Q

What is it called when endometrial glands and stroma are ectopic?

A

Endometriosis

18
Q

Where does endometriosis most often occur?

A

In the pelvis (Fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterine serosa, pelvic peritoneum, colorectal serosa)

19
Q

What are the vague symptoms of endometriosis? (basically, think about what happens with the endometrium, and now put that same process somewhere else…)

A
Pelvic pain
Dysmenorrhea
Deep dyspareunia
Cyclical bowel/bladder symptoms
Infertility
20
Q

How is endometriosis diagnosed?

A

Laparoscopy with findings of typically punctuate surface lesions (usually dark and small)

21
Q

What in the ovaries would be diagnostic of endometriosis?

A

Chocolate cyst

ovarian endometriosis has an especially high risk of carcinoma

22
Q

How is endometriosis treated?

A

Meds: (progestins, multiple OCPs, GnRH analogs)

Laparoscopic ablation with adhesion lysis, salpingo-oophorectomy +/- hysterectomy

23
Q

What is it called when endometriosis is with in the myometrium?

A

Adenomyosis

24
Q

What could be seen on physical exam of a patient with adenomyosis?

A

Poorly circumscribed focal/nodular myometrial wall thickening

25
What is the most common visceral tumor in women? Which group of women is most at risk of having a leiomyoma?
Leiomyomas (within the myometrium) Black women are most likely to have a leiomyoma
26
What are leiomyomas related to?
Estrogen exposure
27
What do leiomyomas look like on microscopic exam? What symptoms are usually seen with leiomyomas?
Circumscribed white, rubbery nodules with bland smooth muscle proliferation Leiomyomas are usually asymptomatic, but can present with bleeding, infertility, or mass
28
What are some rare phenomena associated with leiomyomas?
Benign metastasizing leiomyoma Intravenous leiomyomatosis Disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis Ectopic hormone production
29
How are leiomyomas treated?
Myomectomy (w/ impaired fertility or adverse pregnancy outcomes) Hysterectomy (all other cases)
30
What do leiomyosarcoma arise from?
Definitely NOT leiomyomas
31
What do leiomyosarcomas look like?
Large, soft/fleshy cut surfaces that show hemorrhage and necrosis
32
What is the outlook on leiomyosarcomas?
Even post-hysterectomy they often reoccur and/or metastasize 5yr survival is 40%