Transport in Animals Flashcards
heart diagram cardiac cycle heartbeat
definition of systemic circulation
blood leaving left ventricle to the body and back through right atrium
definition of pulmonary circulation
blood leaving the pulmonary artery to the lungs to the pulmonary vein
definition of double circulation system
one full circuit means the blood passing the heart twice through the blood vessels
how is tissue fluid produced
blood plasma leaked out of capillaries
which lacks large proteins and red blood cells
tissue fluid
which lacks red blood cells only
lymph
how much tissue fluid diffuses back into capillaries/into lymph
90% + 10%
describe the structure of arteries
inside: flat cells to limit friction
middle: smooth muscle + elastic fibres
outside: elastic and collagen fibres
describe the structure of veins
thin and has less elastic fibres and muscles
large lumen
semilunar valves
describe the structure of capillaries
one cell thick - red blood squeeze through
single layer of endothelial cells
low pressure
what is present in the blood
amino acids proteins mineral ions blood cells hydrogen carbonate
structures of red blood cells
biconcave shape
small
flexible
no organelles
function of erthrocytes
room for haemoglobin
increased surface area
small distance for faster diffusion
flexible to squeeze
describe haemoglobin (6)
globular protein - four polypeptides haem group 4 oxygen molecules Fe2+ temporary binding to oxygen forms oxyhaemoglobin
describe leucocytes
spherical/irregular shape
larger than red blood cells
has nucleus
what do phagocytes look like
lobed nuclei and granular cytoplasm
order of size
lymphocytes/white blood cells/red blood cells
white blood cells > lymphocytes > red blood cells
describe haemoglobin affinity with oxygen
the more oxygen atoms binded
the easier it is to pick up oxygen
affect on oxygen affinity at low oxygen partial pressure
releases oxygen more readily
affect on oxygen affinity at high pressure
released oxygen more readily
percentage of carbon dioxide in what forms?
5% in solution
10% in carbaminohaemoglobin (cytoplasm)
85% as hydrogen carbonate (plasma)
map of carbon dioxide transport
in red blood cell
- co2 + h20 + carbonic anhydrase –> H2CO3
(in cytoplasm) –> H+ and HCO3-
- co2 + haemoglobin –> carbaminohaemoglobin
how does carbon dioxide and H+ unload oxygen (4)
carbonic acid formation - fast
haemoglobin has higher affinity for hydrogen ions than oxygen
oxyhaemoglobin is allosteric - release oxygen
forms haemoglobinic acid
factors affecting oxygen transport
carbon monoxide and high altitude
effect of carbon monoxide on oxygen transport
bind irreversibly and readily with haemoglobin
effect of high altitude on oxygen transport
haemoglobin is less saturated
can’t transport efficiently
more red blood cells produced
describe atrial systole
atria contracts
AV valves open
describe ventricular systole
ventricles contract
semilunar valves open
describe ventricular diastole
all relax and blood fills in
semilunar valves close
how do valves prevent backflow
difference in pressure causes it to close
describe the heart beat control (8)
SAN sends out waves of excitation spread across the atria atria contracts AVN sends wave to ventricle atria and ventricle don't contract at the same time purkyne tissue conducts excitation to the ventricle spreads to ventricle walls ventricle contracts from base upwards
what is the SAN
sinoatrial node - pacemaker
what is the AVN
atrioventricular node - delay impulse
what happens during low aortic pressure
semilunar valves open
atrioventricular valves close
treatment for coronary heart diseases
angioplasty
bypass surgery
heart transplant
when does the ventricles start to contract
when atrioventricular valves close
