Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

external defence against disease

A

skin - epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

internal defence against disease (3)

A

blood clotting
stomach acid
epithelial in airway barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

types of leucocytes

A

lymphocytes/phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

purpose of lymphocytes

A

immune response by releasing antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

purpose of phagocytes

A

mark for lymphocytes or engulf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does the body distinguish between non-self and self

A

own cells have cell surface antigens that are detected as foreign in someone else’s body but normal in your own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when are antibodies produced

A

when lymphocytes meet foreign antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where are white blood cells made

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

types of phagocytes

A

neutrophils/macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

purpose of phagocytes

A

remove dead cells and breakdown of pathogen/bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

process of phagocytes (6)

A
  1. chemotaxis - histamine released to attract pathogen to site
  2. binding by complementary shape to antibody
  3. bacteria marked by antibody
  4. endocytosis
  5. lysosome/phagocyte vacuole breakdown
  6. digestion by proteases + enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where are neutrophils found

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how many of leucocytes are neutrophils

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe neutrophils

A

squeezes through capillaries
short lived and die
released in large numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where are macrophages found

A

organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe macrophages (4)

A

monocytes in blood that mature into macrophages in organs
larger than neutrophils
(lungs/kidney/lymph nodes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe lymphocytes

A

smaller than phagocytes

large nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe B cells

A

release antibodies and made in bone marrow where its spread through body
one mature B cells = one antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe activated B cells

A 
plasma cells (short time)
memory cells (long time)
20
Q

how are B/T cells matured (3)

A
  • B cells divide by mitosis to form clones
  • antibody receptors produced
  • mature B cells circulate in liver
21
Q

how do B cells work (4)

A

primary response: one B cell antibody spots antigen
mitosis
plasma cells secrete antibodies
secondary response: memory cells divide to form more plasma cells

22
Q

describe T cells

A

differentiate into memory cells

mature in thymus

23
Q

describe helper T cells

A

release cytokines to stimulate
B cells - plasma cells/secrete antibodies
phagocytosis

24
Q

describe killer T cells (2)

A
  • search for cells with pathogen on cell surface membrane

- recognise antigens and attach to surface and secrete hydrogen peroxide (kills cells/pathogens)

25
Q

where are antibodies found during an immune response

A

surface of pathogens NOT on memory cells

26
Q

how do vaccines work (8)

A 
active immunity;
vaccine contains pathogen;
immune response;
B cells secrete antibodies;
T helper cells;
clonal selection;
memory cells remain;
faster secondary response;
27
Q

describe antibodies (4)

A
  • globular + glycoprotein
  • specific
  • hinge for flexibility
  • antigen bind to variable region
28
Q

describe the structure of antibodies

A

heavy chain on the bottom and light chain on the top with disulphide bonds between chains

29
Q

describe artificial active

A

vaccination

30
Q

describe artificial passive

A

direct injection of antibodies

31
Q

describe natural active

A

your own body makes antibodies to infection

32
Q

describe natural passive

A

breast milk passing antibodies

33
Q

problems with vaccines (5)

A
  • poor response
  • live virus
  • antigenic variation
  • antigen concealment
  • more than one strain
34
Q

why was small pox able to be eradicted? (5)

A
  • didn’t mutate/change surface antigen
  • infected people were easy to identify
  • didn’t affect animals
  • cheap to produce vaccines
  • same vaccine used
35
Q

describe autoimmune diseases

A

immune system attacks one or more self antigens

36
Q

how do autoimmune diseases come along (3)

A

maturation of T cells in thymus gland
many cells destroyed - they are complementary to self antigens
some don’t and activate immune system to protein destruction

37
Q

describe myastenia gravis

A

affects neuromuscular junctions

antibody blocks acetylcholine receptor blocking the motor neurones

38
Q

symptom of myastenia gravis

A

muscle weakness

39
Q

where does multiple sclerosis affect

A

central nervous system

40
Q

symptom of multiple sclerosis

A

progressive paralysis

41
Q

where does rheumatoid arthritis affect

A

joint

42
Q

symptom of rheumatoid arthritis

A

progressive destruction of joints

43
Q

where does type 1 diabetes affect

A

endocrine tissue in pancreas

44
Q

symptom of type 1 diabetes

A

destruction of cells that secrete insulin

45
Q

where does systemic lupus erthromotasus affect

A

skin, kidneys and joints

46
Q

symptom of systemic lupus erthromotasus

A

progress deformity

Biology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions