Inherited Change Flashcards
describe the composition of chromosomes in human body
22 homologous chromosomes/autosomes
one sex chromosome (XX= female/XY= male)
definition of inheritance
transmission of genetic information from generation to generation
definition of chromosome
thread like structure of DNA containing genes
definition of haploid cell
one complete set of chromosomes (n=23 chromosome)
definition of diploid cell
two complete sets of chromosomes (2n = 46)
definition of meiosis
reduction division resulting in four daughter haploid cells
describe independant assortment
different chromosomes combination and chromosomes line up randomly by equator
describe meiosis I
prophase: chromosomes become visible condensation nuclear envelope disappears centrioles migrate to opposite poles; spindle forms; bivalents form; chiastmata formation; metaphase: bivalent line across the equator spindle attach to centromere anaphase: whole chromosomes pulled by microtubules to opposite poles telophase: nuclear envelope reforming nucleolus reforming cytokinesis two cell containing 23 chromosomes
when do centrioles replicate and move to poles + chromosomes condense
early prophase
when do homologous chromosomes pair up to form bivalents
middle prophase
describe meiosis II
same process as normal meiosis (no bivalent forming bcos already there)
BUT
anaphase = centromeres divide and pull chromatids to opposite poles
form four haploid cells
describe spermatogenesis
diploid cells divide by mitosis
spermatogonia - primary spermatocytes - + meiosis I - secondary spermatocytes (haploid) - + meiosis II - spermatids - spermatozoa
describe oogensis
diploid cells divide by mitosis
oogonia - (stop prophase I) - primary oocytes - continue to end of meiosis I - two haploid cells - secondary oocyte/one polar body - secondary oocyte released per month
how is a zygote formed
ovum + spermatozoan
which are the male parts in plants
anther
filament
which are the female parts in plants
stigma
style
ovary
describe formation of male gametes
pollen mother cells divide by meiosis to form 4 haploid cells;
each divide by mitosis to form 4 haploid cells with two nucleus;
mature into pollen grains;
generative + tube nucleus
describe formation of female gamete
spore mother cell divide by meiosis to form 4 haploid cells
three degenerates - one haploid devleops into embryo sac
sac grows - haploid nucleus divide by mitosis 3 times to form 8 - one nuclei becomes female gamete
definition of fertilisation in plant
pollen grain male gamete fuses with female gamete in ovule
definition of genotype
alleles possessed by an organism
definition of homozygous
having two identical alleles of a gene
definition of heterozygous
having two different alleles of a gene
definition of phenotype
observable characteristics resulting from genotype and environment
definition of dominant
phenotype of allele is expressed both in hetero/homo zygous