Respiration

Question 1

definition of autotrophs

Answer 1

organisms that use inorganic carbon source in form of co2

Question 2

definition of heterotrophs

Answer 2

organisms need a ready made organic supply of carbon

Question 3

what is ATP used for

Answer 3

synthesis of polysaccharides/lipids/polypeptides
active transport
muscle contraction
electrical discharge

Question 4

definition of coenzyme

Answer 4

carrier of substances that bind to enzyme

Question 5

definition of cofactor

Answer 5

non protein that binds to enzyme

Question 6

what anabolic processes is ATP used for

Answer 6

making proteins

make triglycerides/nucleotides

Question 7

order of processes in respiration

Answer 7

glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

Question 8

which reaction occurs in cytoplasm

Answer 8

glycolysis

Question 9

describe glycolysis

Answer 9

lysis of glucose
phosphorylated by ATP
raises energy level
form fructose biphosphate
form two triose phosphates
hydrogen removed by NAD
NADH formed
pyruvate formed
small yield of ATP

Question 10

what is the over use of ATP in glycolysis

Answer 10

2

Question 11

how many NAD is reduced in glycolysis

Answer 11

2

Question 12

how is ATP formed

Answer 12

substrate level phosphorylation

Question 13

which reactions occurs in mitochondrial matrix

Answer 13

link reaction

krebs cycle

Question 14

describe link reaction

Answer 14

pyruvate is decarboxylated + dehydrogenated
combined with coenzyme A
form acetyl coenzyme A

Question 15

what is coenzyme A to amade of

Answer 15

adenine + ribose + vitamin

Question 16

what also makes acetyl coA

Answer 16

fatty acids

Question 17

how does pyruvate pass into link reaction

Answer 17

active transport

Question 18

describe Krebs cycle

Answer 18

acetyl coA to coA
provides 2C for oxaloacetate
form citrate
NAD - NADH
CO2
a glutarate
NAD - NADH
CO2
ATP formed
succinate
FAD - FADH2
fumarate
malate
NAD- NADH
oxaloacetate degrenerated

Question 19

key words for krebs cycle

Answer 19

dehydrogenation
decarboxylated
substrate level phosphorylation

Question 20

describe oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 20

reduced NAD passed to ETC
inner membrane
hydrogen released
split in e + p
electrons passed along ETC
energy released pumps protons into intermembrane space
proton gradient set up
protons diffuse through membrane through ATP synthase
ATP produced from - 
oxygen is final electron acceptor
water formed from proton + e + oxygen

Question 21

location of electron transport chain

Answer 21

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 22

describe anaerobic respiration

Answer 22

only glycolysis occurs
process 2 molecules of ATP
by sub-link phos.
pyruvate convert to lactate
lactate energy rich
oxygen not available as final e acceptor
ETC does not occur

Question 23

describe alcoholic fermentation

Answer 23

glucose to pyruvate to ethanal to ethanol

Question 24

describe lactic fermentation

Answer 24

glucose to pyruvate to lactate

Question 25

describe how lactic acid is removed

Answer 25

lactate taken to liver convert to pyruvate to glucose

Question 26

why do lipids have higher energy value than carbohydrates

Answer 26

more C-H bonds - more NADH produved - more oxidative phosphorylation - produce more ATP

Question 27

respiratory quotient of carbohydrates proteins lipids

Answer 27

1 0. 9 0. 7

Question 28

how to calculate respiratory quotient

Answer 28

volume of co2/volume of oxygen per unit

Question 29

describe process in determining RQ

Answer 29

``` use respirometer seeds placed on mesh KOH to absorb co2 manometer connected movement of fluid = uptake of oxygen keep temperature constant measure oxygen after some time repeat without KOH is the carbon dioxide given out ```

Question 30

describe how rice is adapted to grow under water

Answer 30

low concentration of oxygen in water aerenchyma allows gases to diffuse down root cells allows aerobic respiration ethanol produced from anaerobic conditions root cells can tolerate ethanol produce alcohol dehydrogenase to break down

Question 31

what is the role of NAD

Answer 31

``` coenzyme reduced NAD carries electrons and protons from krebs cycle/glyclysis to ETC to produce ATP ```