Respiration Flashcards
definition of autotrophs
organisms that use inorganic carbon source in form of co2
definition of heterotrophs
organisms need a ready made organic supply of carbon
what is ATP used for
synthesis of polysaccharides/lipids/polypeptides
active transport
muscle contraction
electrical discharge
definition of coenzyme
carrier of substances that bind to enzyme
definition of cofactor
non protein that binds to enzyme
what anabolic processes is ATP used for
making proteins
make triglycerides/nucleotides
order of processes in respiration
glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation
which reaction occurs in cytoplasm
glycolysis
describe glycolysis
lysis of glucose phosphorylated by ATP raises energy level form fructose biphosphate form two triose phosphates hydrogen removed by NAD NADH formed pyruvate formed small yield of ATP
what is the over use of ATP in glycolysis
2
how many NAD is reduced in glycolysis
2
how is ATP formed
substrate level phosphorylation
which reactions occurs in mitochondrial matrix
link reaction
krebs cycle
describe link reaction
pyruvate is decarboxylated + dehydrogenated
combined with coenzyme A
form acetyl coenzyme A
what is coenzyme A to amade of
adenine + ribose + vitamin
what also makes acetyl coA
fatty acids
how does pyruvate pass into link reaction
active transport
describe Krebs cycle
acetyl coA to coA provides 2C for oxaloacetate form citrate NAD - NADH CO2 a glutarate NAD - NADH CO2 ATP formed succinate FAD - FADH2 fumarate malate NAD- NADH oxaloacetate degrenerated
key words for krebs cycle
dehydrogenation
decarboxylated
substrate level phosphorylation
describe oxidative phosphorylation
reduced NAD passed to ETC inner membrane hydrogen released split in e + p electrons passed along ETC energy released pumps protons into intermembrane space proton gradient set up protons diffuse through membrane through ATP synthase ATP produced from - oxygen is final electron acceptor water formed from proton + e + oxygen
location of electron transport chain
inner mitochondrial membrane
describe anaerobic respiration
only glycolysis occurs process 2 molecules of ATP by sub-link phos. pyruvate convert to lactate lactate energy rich oxygen not available as final e acceptor ETC does not occur
describe alcoholic fermentation
glucose to pyruvate to ethanal to ethanol
describe lactic fermentation
glucose to pyruvate to lactate
describe how lactic acid is removed
lactate taken to liver
convert to pyruvate
to glucose
why do lipids have higher energy value than carbohydrates
more C-H bonds - more NADH produved - more oxidative phosphorylation - produce more ATP
respiratory quotient of
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
1
- 9
- 7
how to calculate respiratory quotient
volume of co2/volume of oxygen per unit
describe process in determining RQ
use respirometer seeds placed on mesh KOH to absorb co2 manometer connected movement of fluid = uptake of oxygen keep temperature constant measure oxygen after some time repeat without KOH is the carbon dioxide given out
describe how rice is adapted to grow under water
low concentration of oxygen in water
aerenchyma
allows gases to diffuse down root cells
allows aerobic respiration
ethanol produced from anaerobic conditions
root cells can tolerate ethanol
produce alcohol dehydrogenase to break down
what is the role of NAD
coenzyme reduced NAD carries electrons and protons from krebs cycle/glyclysis to ETC to produce ATP
