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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

definition of autotrophs

A

organisms that use inorganic carbon source in form of co2

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2
Q

definition of heterotrophs

A

organisms need a ready made organic supply of carbon

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3
Q

what is ATP used for

A

synthesis of polysaccharides/lipids/polypeptides
active transport
muscle contraction
electrical discharge

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4
Q

definition of coenzyme

A

carrier of substances that bind to enzyme

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5
Q

definition of cofactor

A

non protein that binds to enzyme

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6
Q

what anabolic processes is ATP used for

A

making proteins

make triglycerides/nucleotides

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7
Q

order of processes in respiration

A

glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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8
Q

which reaction occurs in cytoplasm

A

glycolysis

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9
Q

describe glycolysis

A 
lysis of glucose
phosphorylated by ATP
raises energy level
form fructose biphosphate
form two triose phosphates
hydrogen removed by NAD
NADH formed
pyruvate formed
small yield of ATP
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10
Q

what is the over use of ATP in glycolysis

A

2

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11
Q

how many NAD is reduced in glycolysis

A

2

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12
Q

how is ATP formed

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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13
Q

which reactions occurs in mitochondrial matrix

A

link reaction

krebs cycle

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14
Q

describe link reaction

A

pyruvate is decarboxylated + dehydrogenated
combined with coenzyme A
form acetyl coenzyme A

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15
Q

what is coenzyme A to amade of

A

adenine + ribose + vitamin

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16
Q

what also makes acetyl coA

A

fatty acids

17
Q

how does pyruvate pass into link reaction

A

active transport

18
Q

describe Krebs cycle

A 
acetyl coA to coA
provides 2C for oxaloacetate
form citrate
NAD - NADH
CO2
a glutarate
NAD - NADH
CO2
ATP formed
succinate
FAD - FADH2
fumarate
malate
NAD- NADH
oxaloacetate degrenerated
19
Q

key words for krebs cycle

A

dehydrogenation
decarboxylated
substrate level phosphorylation

20
Q

describe oxidative phosphorylation

A 
reduced NAD passed to ETC
inner membrane
hydrogen released
split in e + p
electrons passed along ETC
energy released pumps protons into intermembrane space
proton gradient set up
protons diffuse through membrane through ATP synthase
ATP produced from - 
oxygen is final electron acceptor
water formed from proton + e + oxygen
21
Q

location of electron transport chain

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

22
Q

describe anaerobic respiration

A 
only glycolysis occurs
process 2 molecules of ATP
by sub-link phos.
pyruvate convert to lactate
lactate energy rich
oxygen not available as final e acceptor
ETC does not occur
23
Q

describe alcoholic fermentation

A

glucose to pyruvate to ethanal to ethanol

24
Q

describe lactic fermentation

A

glucose to pyruvate to lactate

25
Q

describe how lactic acid is removed

A

lactate taken to liver
convert to pyruvate
to glucose

26
Q

why do lipids have higher energy value than carbohydrates

A

more C-H bonds - more NADH produved - more oxidative phosphorylation - produce more ATP

27
Q

respiratory quotient of
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids

A

1

  1. 9
  2. 7
28
Q

how to calculate respiratory quotient

A

volume of co2/volume of oxygen per unit

29
Q

describe process in determining RQ

A 
use respirometer
seeds placed on mesh
KOH to absorb co2
manometer connected
movement of fluid = uptake of oxygen
keep temperature constant
measure oxygen after some time
repeat without KOH is the carbon dioxide given out
30
Q

describe how rice is adapted to grow under water

A

low concentration of oxygen in water
aerenchyma
allows gases to diffuse down root cells
allows aerobic respiration
ethanol produced from anaerobic conditions
root cells can tolerate ethanol
produce alcohol dehydrogenase to break down

31
Q

what is the role of NAD

A 
coenzyme
reduced NAD
carries electrons
and protons
from krebs cycle/glyclysis
to ETC
to produce ATP

Biology (19 decks)

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