Biodiversity

Question 1

definition of species

Answer 1

group of organism with similar physiology;
which can breed together;
to produce fertile offspring;
reproductively isolated from other species;

Question 2

definition of niche

Answer 2

role of an organism in ecosystem

Question 3

definition of ecosystem

Answer 3

self-contained, interacting community of organisms;

and the environment in which they live and interact in;

Question 4

definition of habitat

Answer 4

place where a species lives within an ecosystem

Question 5

definition of endemic species

Answer 5

species only found in that area

Question 6

definition of biodiversity

Answer 6

the degree of variation of organism in ecosystem;
includes number of species;
and genetic variation within each species;

Question 7

definition of genetic diversity

Answer 7

diversity of alleles within all genes of single species;

adapting to biotic/abiotic factors

Question 8

definition of species diversity

Answer 8

measure of evenness of abundance of the different species

Question 9

definition of species richness

Answer 9

number of species in a community

Question 10

how can we collect organisms and make species list

Answer 10

use identification keys

use drawings/photographs

Question 11

describe random sampling to assess species diversity

Answer 11

use measuring tape
use random number generator
give random coordinates for quadrat

Question 12

what can random sampling determine

Answer 12

species frequency (measure of chance of species being found in one quadrat)
species density (individuals/area)
percentage cover (smaller squares)

Question 13

describe systematic sampling to assess species diversity

Answer 13

line transect - finding organisms at regular points (more than one habitat)
interrupted belt transect - abundance of organisms within quadrat

Question 14

how do we determine estimate number for a population

Answer 14

place harmless trap (food/cage);
mark using non toxic way;
release and wait for a day to repeat procedure;
capture - mark - release

Question 15

what statistical tests are use to determine species diversity

Answer 15

simpson’s index of diversity
spearman’s rank correlation
pearson’s correlation coefficient

Question 16

in what occassions do we use spearman’s rank

Answer 16

not normally distributed
ordinal data
data points are independant
10-30 pairs of data

Question 17

in what occassions do we use pearson’s correlation

Answer 17

linear relationship
quantitative data
normall distributed
at least 10 pairs of data

Question 18

definition of taxanomy

Answer 18

naming/classifying organisms

Question 19

describe characteristics of domain bacteria (8)

Answer 19

no nucleus;
circular DNA;
NO histones present;
no membrane bound organelles;
70S ribosomes;
peptidoglycan cell wall;
binary fission;
unicellular;

Question 20

describe characteristics of domain archaea

Answer 20

no nucleus;
circular DNA;
histones present;
no membrane bound organelles;
70S ribosomes;
cell wall (not peptidoglycan);
binary fission;
unicellular;

Question 21

describe characteristics of domain eukarya (9)

Answer 21

nucleus;
linear DNA;
histones present;
circular mtDNA;
membrane bound organelles;
80S ribosomes;(except mit + chlo)
cell wall in plants;
mitosis;
uni/multicellular;

Question 22

threats to biodiversity (6)

Answer 22

habitat loss;
climate change;
deforestation;
excessive fertilisers;
pollution;
unsustainable use of resources;

Question 23

why does biodiversity matter (5)

Answer 23

moral and ethical;
ecological reasons;
aesthetic reasons;
social and commerical reasons;
absorb carbon dioxide;

Question 24

how are endangered species protected (4)

Answer 24

national parks
zoos
restoring degrading habitats
botanic gardens

Question 25

describe how national parks protect species

Answer 25

protected and managed by park - tourism helps provide money to sustain place

Question 26

describe how zoos protect species (4)

Answer 26

research; education; captive breeding; assisted reproduction;

Question 27

describe how botanic gardens protect species (3)

Answer 27

research; education; reintroduce species to habitats;

Question 28

describe how seed banks are used (9)

Answer 28

``` variety of seeds; long term storage; prevent germination; frozen; seeds regularly tested for viability; seeds restocked regularly; maintain genetic diversity; maintains biodiversity; for future use; research; ```

Question 29

problems with overprotecting species (3)

Answer 29

culling to reduce numbers; transferring animals over large distances; beyond capacity ecosystem can sustain

Question 30

describe controlling alien species

Answer 30

alien species = species moved from one ecosystem to another where they were unknown - may push other species to extinction and act as predators

Question 31

describe kingdom protoctista (3) | E M CELLWALL

Answer 31

eukaryotic mostly single celled some have no cell wall

Question 32

describe kingdom fungi (5)

Answer 32

``` eukaryotic no chlorophyll reproduce by spores heterotrophic nutrition chitin cell wall ```

Question 33

describe kingdom plantae (5)

Answer 33

``` multicellular some have chloroplasts large permanent vacuole cellulose cell wall few types of specialised cells ```

Question 34

describe kingdom animalia (6)

Answer 34

``` multicellular differentiated cells form tissues/organs cells do not have chloroplasts cell vacuoles are small/temporary cells don't have cell wall communication by nervous system ```

Question 35

describe viruses (4)

Answer 35

structure only visible by electron microscope acellular infect cells and use host cell by respiration to provide energy DNA/RNA strand either present