Biodiversity Flashcards
definition of species
group of organism with similar physiology;
which can breed together;
to produce fertile offspring;
reproductively isolated from other species;
definition of niche
role of an organism in ecosystem
definition of ecosystem
self-contained, interacting community of organisms;
and the environment in which they live and interact in;
definition of habitat
place where a species lives within an ecosystem
definition of endemic species
species only found in that area
definition of biodiversity
the degree of variation of organism in ecosystem;
includes number of species;
and genetic variation within each species;
definition of genetic diversity
diversity of alleles within all genes of single species;
adapting to biotic/abiotic factors
definition of species diversity
measure of evenness of abundance of the different species
definition of species richness
number of species in a community
how can we collect organisms and make species list
use identification keys
use drawings/photographs
describe random sampling to assess species diversity
use measuring tape
use random number generator
give random coordinates for quadrat
what can random sampling determine
species frequency (measure of chance of species being found in one quadrat) species density (individuals/area) percentage cover (smaller squares)
describe systematic sampling to assess species diversity
line transect - finding organisms at regular points (more than one habitat)
interrupted belt transect - abundance of organisms within quadrat
how do we determine estimate number for a population
place harmless trap (food/cage);
mark using non toxic way;
release and wait for a day to repeat procedure;
capture - mark - release
what statistical tests are use to determine species diversity
simpson’s index of diversity
spearman’s rank correlation
pearson’s correlation coefficient
in what occassions do we use spearman’s rank
not normally distributed
ordinal data
data points are independant
10-30 pairs of data
in what occassions do we use pearson’s correlation
linear relationship
quantitative data
normall distributed
at least 10 pairs of data
definition of taxanomy
naming/classifying organisms
describe characteristics of domain bacteria (8)
no nucleus; circular DNA; NO histones present; no membrane bound organelles; 70S ribosomes; peptidoglycan cell wall; binary fission; unicellular;
describe characteristics of domain archaea
no nucleus; circular DNA; histones present; no membrane bound organelles; 70S ribosomes; cell wall (not peptidoglycan); binary fission; unicellular;
describe characteristics of domain eukarya (9)
nucleus; linear DNA; histones present; circular mtDNA; membrane bound organelles; 80S ribosomes;(except mit + chlo) cell wall in plants; mitosis; uni/multicellular;
threats to biodiversity (6)
habitat loss; climate change; deforestation; excessive fertilisers; pollution; unsustainable use of resources;
why does biodiversity matter (5)
moral and ethical; ecological reasons; aesthetic reasons; social and commerical reasons; absorb carbon dioxide;
how are endangered species protected (4)
national parks
zoos
restoring degrading habitats
botanic gardens
describe how national parks protect species
protected and managed by park - tourism helps provide money to sustain place
describe how zoos protect species (4)
research;
education;
captive breeding;
assisted reproduction;
describe how botanic gardens protect species (3)
research;
education;
reintroduce species to habitats;
describe how seed banks are used (9)
variety of seeds; long term storage; prevent germination; frozen; seeds regularly tested for viability; seeds restocked regularly; maintain genetic diversity; maintains biodiversity; for future use; research;
problems with overprotecting species (3)
culling to reduce numbers;
transferring animals over large distances;
beyond capacity ecosystem can sustain
describe controlling alien species
alien species = species moved from one ecosystem to another where they were unknown - may push other species to extinction and act as predators
describe kingdom protoctista (3)
E M CELLWALL
eukaryotic
mostly single celled
some have no cell wall
describe kingdom fungi (5)
eukaryotic no chlorophyll reproduce by spores heterotrophic nutrition chitin cell wall
describe kingdom plantae (5)
multicellular some have chloroplasts large permanent vacuole cellulose cell wall few types of specialised cells
describe kingdom animalia (6)
multicellular differentiated cells form tissues/organs cells do not have chloroplasts cell vacuoles are small/temporary cells don't have cell wall communication by nervous system
describe viruses (4)
structure only visible by electron microscope
acellular
infect cells and use host cell by respiration to provide energy
DNA/RNA strand either present