Infectious Diseases Flashcards
definition of disease
an illness of the body or mind that leads to poor health affecting mental and physical health
definition of infectious disease
disease caused by organism
definition of non infectious disease
disease caused by inherited/genetic
organism causing cholera
(bacteria) vibrae cholerae
organism causing measles
(virus) morbillivirus
organism causing malaria
(parasite) plasmodium
organism causing tuberculosis
(bacteria) mycobacterium tuberculosis
organism causing HIV/AIDS
virus
how is cholera transmitted
contaminated water/faeces
how is measles transmitted
moist infected water droplets/placenta
how is malaria transmitted
female mosquito bite
how is tuberculosis transmitted
inhaling infected water droplets/unpasteurised milk
how is HIV/AIDS transmitted
sexual intercourse/sharing needles
symptoms of cholera
diarrhoae
dehydration
fatigue
symptoms of measles
white spots in cheeks
watery eyes
symptoms of malaria
headaches
fever
nausea
symptoms of tuberculosis
coughing blood
weight loss
fever
symptoms of HIV/AIDS
sweating
weight loss
fever
solution to cholera
chlorinated water supply
vaccines
solution to malaria
drugs used in combination
drain ditches to avoid mosquito breeding
spray
solution to tuberculosis
increase cleanliness
pasteurised milk consumption
solution to HIV/AIDS
education on stigma
contraceptives/condoms
describe the problems with HIV/AIDS
no vaccine/cure HIV has high mutation rate vertical transmission (mother to child) symptomless carriers need contact tracing need to provide condoms need education
how do antibiotics work
they interfere with growth/metabolism of the bacteria
how does penicillin act on bacteria (8)
cell walls made of peptidoglycan held by cross links penicillin prevents cross links between peptiglycans inhibit enzymes to rebuild autolysins make holes in cell wall - becomes weaker (cross links don't form) water enters by osmosis high pressure cell wall bursts
why does penicillin not affect viruses (3)
it prevents cross links from forming in cell wall production
viruses don’t have cell walls
viruses reproduce by living inside eukaroytic cells so they are unaffected by antibiotics
how do bacteria gain antibiotic resistance (5)
incomplete treatment not all bacteria is killed mutation selection of resistant bacteria resistant bacteria reproduce
how do avoid antibiotic resistance
use only when necessary
complete treatment
change the types of antibiotics
avoid selling in pharmarcies - need prescription
make sure patients don’t keep antibiotics
how can bacteria transfer their resistance to other bacteria
vertical/horizontal transmission
describe vertical transmission
resistant parent cell divides by mitosis produced two identical daughter cell with resistance by plasmid
describe horizontal transmission
resistant and non resistant bacteria conjugate and a DNA strand of plasmid is passed and bacteria synthesises complementary strand
impacts of antibiotic resistance
deaths and long stays in hospital
