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Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what makes up polysaccharides/nucleotides

A

monosaccharides

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2
Q

what makes proteins

A

amino acids

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3
Q

what makes lipids

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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4
Q

what makes maltose

A

a glu + a glu

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5
Q

what makes lactose

A

b glu + galactose

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6
Q

what makes sucrose

A

a glu + fructose

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7
Q 
describe monosaccharides (4)
hexoses and pentoses
A

sugars
dissolve easily
hexoses = glucose/fructose/galactose
pentoses = ribose/deoxyribose

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8
Q

what does alpha glucose look like

A

OH group on right is on the top, switch around

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9
Q

what does beta glucose look like

A

OH group on the bottom, no switch around

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10
Q

function of monosaccharides

A

source of energy in respiration - C-H = release of energy

make larger molecules - glucose makes starch/glycogen/cellulose,

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11
Q

glucose bonds

A

glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

what is the proces of breaking apart disacchardes

A

hydrolysis

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13
Q

joining monosaccharides to form glycosidic bonds

A

condensation

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14
Q

describe polysaccharides

A

many monosaccharides + glycosidic bonds
not sugars
glucose converted into polysaccharides (glycogen/starch)

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15
Q

properties of polysaccharides as storage (4)

A

dissolves easily
osmotic properties
reactive
can be converted back

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16
Q

what are the four polysaccharides

A

amylose
amylopectin
starch
cellulose

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17
Q

describe amylose (5)

A 
condensation of a-glucose
1,4 linked
chains are curved
helical structure
compact molecule
18
Q

describe amylopectin

A

condensation from a-glucose
1,4 + 1,6 linked
branched

19
Q

describe starch/glycogen

A

amylose + amylopectin

20
Q

describe cellulose cell wall (4)

A

polymer of b-glucose
rotate every 180 degrees
weak hydrogen bonds BUT many = strong
slow rate of breakdown

21
Q

describe in detail how fibres are formed and properties of cell wall (4)

A

60-70 cellulose molecules cross linked to form microfibrils to form fibres in bundles
high tensile strength
withstand large pressure from osmosis
permeable

22
Q

difference between glycogen and amylopectin

A

glycogen more branched

23
Q

describe fatty acids (3)

A

unsaturated - double bonds
mono/poly saturated
plants = unsaturated

24
Q

how to form an ester

A

alcohol + acid

25
Q

describe triglyceride

A

fats and oils
glycerol + fatty acid → glyceride
glycerol = 3OH
three hydrophobic tails = insoluble

26
Q

ratio of oxygen: carbon of triglycerides compared to carbohydrates

A

lower ratio

27
Q

function of triglycerides (3)

A

energy reserves
insulator
oxidised into water

28
Q

describe phospholipids (4)

A

triglyceride - one fatty acid + phosphate group
soluble
phosphate group is hydrophilic
makes up phospholipid bilayer

29
Q

how many amino acids are present

A

20

30
Q

definitio of primary structure of proteins

A

sequence of amino acids in a straight chain

31
Q

definition secondary structure of proteins

A

regular order of amino acids due to hydrogen bonds

a helix/b pleated sheets

32
Q

describe a helix and b pleated sheets

A

shape due to hydrogen bonding between -CO- and -NH-

looser shape caused by hydrogen bonding - broken by pH and temp.

33
Q

definition of tertiary structure of protein

A

folding and coiling of chain due to interactions between R groups

34
Q

example of tertiary structures

A

lysozyme/myoglobin/haemoglobin

35
Q

bonds in tertiary structure

A

hydrogen bonds
disulfide bonds
ionic bonds
weak hydrophobic interactions

36
Q

definition of quarternary structure

A

protein molecule made of two or more polypeptides

37
Q

describe properties of globular proteins (4)

A

spherical
water soluble
prosthetic group
hydrophilic outside, hydrophobic inside

38
Q

example of globular protein

A

haemoglobin

39
Q

describe properties of fibrous protein (2)

A

structural protein

insoluble

40
Q

example of fibrous protein + description (5)

A 
collagen
three polypeptides
hydrogen bonds hold triple helix
cross links make fibrils - fibres
high tensile strength
41
Q

describe properties of water (7)

A 
solvent
transport medium
high specific capacity
high latent heat of vaporisation
ice is less dense than liquid
high surface tension and cohesion
water is reagent

Biology (19 decks)

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