Transport in Animals

Question 1

tissue fluid

Answer 1

allows the exchange of substances between blood and cells

Question 2

substances in tissue fluid

Answer 2

glucose, amino acids, salts, fatty acids, oxygen = delivered to cells
carbon dioxide and other waste = removed from cells

Question 3

lymph

Answer 3

fluid in the lymphatic system

Question 4

plasma

Answer 4

fluid in the blood vessels

Question 5

net result of forces in capillary

Answer 5

creates a pressure to push fluid out of capillary at arterial end and into capillary at venule end

Question 6

3 types of fluid in circulatory system

Answer 6

blood, tissue fluid, lymph

Question 7

why is muscle in the walls of the heart thin

Answer 7

so only a small increase in pressure is created by contraction during atrial systole

Question 8

why is it important to maintain the pressure gradient between the aorta and arterioles

Answer 8

this is what keeps the blood flowing towards the tissues

Question 9

what happens at low oxygen tension during the transport of oxygen

Answer 9

haemoglobin doesn’t readily associate with oxygen molecules because the haem groups are in the centre of the molecule making it difficult for the oxygen they attract to reach

Question 10

the difficulty in combining with the first oxygen molecule accounts for…

Answer 10

the low saturation level of haemoglobin at low oxygen tensions

Question 11

3 ways carbon dioxide is transported for excretion and %

Answer 11

5% dissolved directly in plasma
10% combines with haemoglobin –> form carbaminohaemoglobin
85% transported in form of hydrogencarbonate ions

Question 12

what happens if hydrogen ions build up during the formation of hydrogencarbonate ions

Answer 12

the contents of red blood cells become very acidic

Question 13

when tissues respire more…

Answer 13

more co2 –> more H+ ions produced in red blood cells –> makes oxyhaemoglobin release more oxygen

Question 14

Bohr shift

Answer 14

when more co2 is present, haemoglobin becomes less saturated with oxygen so curve shifts downwards and to the right

Question 15

Bohr effect

Answer 15

more oxygen is being released when more co2 is produced in respiration which is what muscles need for aerobic respiration to continue

Question 16

tissue fluid is formed due to an interplay of…

Answer 16

hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure

Question 17

how would low blood pressure affect tissue fluid formation

Answer 17

blood move slower through arterioles –> lower hydrostatic pressure in capillaries –> pushing of blood fluid less efficient –> rate decreases

Question 18

issue with damaging lymphatic drainage

Answer 18

build up of lymph fluid –> swelling of tissue –> lymphoedema

Question 19

double circulatory system

Answer 19

one in which the blood flows through the heart twice for each circuit of the body

Question 20

single circulatory system

Answer 20

one in which the blood flows through the heart once for each circuit of the body

Question 21

arteries

Answer 21

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Question 22

arterioles

Answer 22

small blood vessels that distribute blood from an artery to the capillaries

Question 23

capillaries

Answer 23

very small vessels with very thin walls

Question 24

closed circulatory system

Answer 24

one in which blood is held in vessels

Question 25

open circulatory system

Answer 25

one in which blood is not held in vessels

Question 26

veins

Answer 26

vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Question 27

venules

Answer 27

small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries and lead into the veins

Question 28

blood

Answer 28

the fluid used to transport materials around the body

Question 29

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 29

pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel or container

Question 30

oncotic pressure

Answer 30

pressure created by the osmotic effects of the solutes

Question 31

affinity

Answer 31

a strong attraction

Question 32

dissociation

Answer 32

releasing the oxygen from the oxyhaemoglobin

Question 33

fetal haemoglobin

Answer 33

type of haemoglobin usually found in the fetus

Question 34

haemoglobin

Answer 34

red pigment used to transport oxygen in the blood

Question 35

carbonic anhydrase

Answer 35

enzyme that catalyses the combination of co2 and water

Question 36

chloride shift

Answer 36

the movement of chloride ions into the erythrocytes to balance the charge as hydrogencarbonate ions leave the cell

Question 37

haemoglobinic acid

Answer 37

the compound formed by the buffering action of haemoglobin as it combines with excess hydrogen ions

Question 38

cell metabolism needs

Answer 38

amino acids, glucose, oxygen, removal of waste products

Question 39

3 factors important in determining if an organism needs a transport system

Answer 39

size- large cnidarians do not, small mammals/insects do surface area to volume ratio- small organisms have large SA:V and no t.s. level of activity- more active so need t.s.

Question 40

a good transport system has...

Answer 40

mass flow, pump to create pressure pushing fluid around the body, exchange surfaces for substances exit/enter fluid, tubes/vessels or 2 circuits for efficiency

Question 41

mass flow

Answer 41

the bulk movement of substances moving in the same direction and speed in response to a pressure gradient

Question 42

what happens if blood pressure is too high

Answer 42

may damage delicate capillaries in lungs causing bleeding and if blood flows too fast the alveoli cannot exchange gases effectively